Opções de índice de ações mais líquidas

A maioria das opções de índice de estoque líquido
Enriquecendo os Investidores desde 1998.
Soluções de Negociação Rentáveis ​​para o Investidor Inteligente.
Guia para Iniciantes em Opções.
O que é uma opção?
Uma opção é um contrato que dá ao comprador o direito, mas não a obrigação, de comprar ou vender um ativo subjacente (uma ação ou índice) a um preço específico em ou antes de uma determinada data.
Uma opção é um derivado. Isto é, seu valor é derivado de outra coisa. No caso de uma opção de ações, seu valor é baseado no estoque subjacente (patrimônio líquido). No caso de uma opção de índice, seu valor é baseado no índice subjacente (patrimônio líquido).
· As Opções Listadas são títulos, assim como ações.
· As opções são negociadas como ações, com compradores fazendo ofertas e vendedores fazendo ofertas.
· Opções são ativamente negociadas em um mercado listado, assim como ações. Eles podem ser comprados e vendidos como qualquer outra segurança.
· As opções são derivadas, ao contrário das ações (ou seja, as opções derivam seu valor de outra coisa, a garantia subjacente).
· Opções têm datas de vencimento, enquanto ações não.
· Não há um número fixo de opções, pois existem ações disponíveis.
· Os acionistas têm uma participação na empresa, com direito a voto e dividendos. Opções não transmitem tais direitos.
Algumas pessoas permanecem confusas com as opções. A verdade é que a maioria das pessoas usa as opções há algum tempo, porque a opção por opções está embutida em tudo, desde hipotecas até seguro de automóveis. No mundo das opções listadas, no entanto, sua existência é muito mais clara.
Tipos de expiração.
Existem dois tipos diferentes de opções em relação à expiração. Existe uma opção de estilo europeu e uma opção de estilo americano. A opção de estilo europeu não pode ser exercida até a data de expiração. Uma vez que um investidor tenha comprado a opção, ela deve ser mantida até o vencimento. Uma opção de estilo americano pode ser exercida a qualquer momento após a compra. Hoje, a maioria das opções de ações que são negociadas são opções de estilo americano. E muitas opções de índice são do estilo americano. No entanto, existem muitas opções de índice que são opções de estilo europeu. Um investidor deve estar ciente disso ao considerar a compra de uma opção de índice.
Uma opção Premium é o preço da opção. É o preço que você paga para comprar a opção. Por exemplo, um XYZ May 30 Call (assim, é uma opção para comprar ações da empresa XYZ) pode ter um prêmio de opção de Rs.2.
O Preço de Exercício (ou Exercício) é o preço pelo qual o título subjacente (neste caso, XYZ) pode ser comprado ou vendido conforme especificado no contrato de opção.
A Data de Expiração é o dia em que a opção não é mais válida e deixa de existir. A data de vencimento de todas as opções de ações listadas nos EUA é a terceira sexta-feira do mês (exceto quando cai em um feriado e, nesse caso, é na quinta-feira).
As pessoas que compram opções têm direito, e isso é o direito de exercitar.
Quando um detentor de opções opta por exercer uma opção, um processo começa a encontrar um escritor com o mesmo tipo de opção (ou seja, classe, preço de exercício e tipo de opção). Uma vez encontrado, esse escritor pode ser atribuído.
Existem dois tipos de opções - ligar e colocar. Uma chamada dá ao comprador o direito, mas não a obrigação, de comprar o instrumento subjacente. A put dá ao comprador o direito, mas não a obrigação, de vender o instrumento subjacente.
O preço predeterminado pelo qual o comprador e o vendedor de uma opção concordaram é o preço de exercício, também chamado de preço de exercício ou preço de greve. Cada opção em um instrumento subjacente deve ter vários preços de exercício.
Opção de compra - o preço do instrumento subjacente é maior que o preço de exercício.
Opção de venda - o preço do instrumento subjacente é inferior ao preço de exercício.
Opção de compra - o preço do instrumento subjacente é menor que o preço de exercício.
Opção de venda - o preço do instrumento subjacente é superior ao preço de exercício.
O preço subjacente é equivalente ao preço de exercício.
Opções têm vidas finitas. O dia de vencimento da opção é o último dia em que o proprietário da opção pode exercer a opção. As opções americanas podem ser exercidas a qualquer momento antes da data de vencimento, a critério do proprietário.
Uma classe de opções é todas as opções e chamadas em um determinado instrumento subjacente. O que uma opção dá a uma pessoa o direito de comprar ou vender é o instrumento subjacente. No caso de opções de índice, o subjacente deve ser um índice como o índice Sensitive (Sensex) ou S & P CNX NIFTY ou ações individuais.
Uma opção pode ser liquidada de três formas A fechar compra ou venda, abandono e exercício. Compra e venda de opções são os métodos mais comuns de liquidação. Uma opção dá o direito de comprar ou vender um instrumento subjacente a um preço fixo.
Os preços das opções são definidos pelas negociações entre compradores e vendedores. Os preços das opções são influenciados principalmente pelas expectativas de preços futuros dos compradores e vendedores e pela relação do preço da opção com o preço do instrumento.
O valor de tempo de uma opção é o valor que o prêmio excede o valor intrínseco. Valor do tempo = Prêmio da opção - valor intrínseco.
Investimento a Longo Prazo.
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Crie riqueza para você.
identificando rapidamente as mudanças nas tendências, montando a tendência.
reserva de lucros no final da tendência.
Capture balanços de preços breves.
estoques de tendência em movimento rápido.
volatilidade de preços intra-dia das ações mais ativas em ambos.
BULLISH & amp; BEARISH Mercados.
gerar um fluxo constante de renda diária.
Negociação do dia de futuros.
lucros máximos todos os dias.
contrato de futuros de alta liquidez.
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Ações de negociação & amp; Index Futures no mercado acionário indiano.
A negociação de futuros é uma empresa que oferece tudo o que você sempre quis de um negócio próprio. Roberts (1991) chama isso de negócio perfeito do mundo. Ele oferece o potencial de ganhos ilimitados e riqueza real. Você pode executá-lo trabalhando em seu próprio horário, bem como continuar fazendo o que estiver fazendo agora.
O que o Futures Trading aplica às ações indianas & amp; Índices
Futures Trading é uma forma de investimento que envolve especular sobre o preço de um título subindo ou descendo no futuro.
O que é um contrato de futuros?
Um contrato de futuros é um contrato padronizado, negociado em uma bolsa de futuros, para comprar ou vender um determinado instrumento subjacente em uma determinada data no futuro, a um preço especificado. A data futura é chamada data de entrega ou data final de liquidação. O preço pré-definido é chamado de preço futuro. O preço do ativo subjacente na data de entrega é chamado de preço de liquidação.
Um contrato de futuros é um contrato altamente padronizado com os seguintes detalhes especificados:
O ativo ou instrumento subjacente. Isso pode ser qualquer coisa, desde um barril de petróleo bruto, um quilo de ouro ou uma ação ou ação específica.
A negociação de futuros é regulada pela Securities & amp; Conselho de Câmbio da Índia (SEBI). O SEBI existe para proteger contra os comerciantes que controlam o mercado de forma ilegal ou antiética, e para evitar fraudes no mercado de futuros.
Como funciona o comércio de futuros?
Existem duas categorias básicas de participantes futuros: hedgers e especuladores.
Se o julgamento do negociante for bom. ele pode ganhar mais dinheiro no mercado futuro mais rápido porque os preços futuros tendem, em média, a mudar mais rapidamente do que os preços dos imóveis ou das ações, por exemplo. Por outro lado, o mau julgamento da negociação nos mercados de futuros pode causar perdas maiores do que seria o caso de outros investimentos.
Os futuros são investimentos altamente alavancados. O comerciante coloca uma pequena fração do valor do contrato subjacente (geralmente 10% -25% e às vezes menos) como margem, mas ele pode aproveitar o valor total do contrato à medida que sobe e desce. O dinheiro que ele coloca não é um adiantamento do contrato subjacente, mas uma garantia de desempenho. O valor real do contrato só é trocado nas raras ocasiões em que a entrega ocorre. (Compare isso com o investidor de ações que geralmente tem que colocar 100% do valor de suas ações.) Além disso, o investidor de futuros não é cobrado juros sobre a diferença entre a margem e o valor total do contrato.
Assentamento de contratos de futuros na Índia.
Os contratos de futuros geralmente não são liquidados com entrega física. A compra ou venda de uma posição de compensação pode ser usada para liquidar uma posição existente, permitindo que o especulador ou o hedger realize lucros ou perdas do contrato original. Neste ponto, o saldo de margem é devolvido ao detentor juntamente com quaisquer ganhos adicionais, ou o saldo de margem mais lucro como um crédito para a perda do detentor. Liquidação em dinheiro é usada para contratos como ações ou futuros de índice que obviamente não podem resultar em entrega.
Vantagens do Futures Trading na Índia.
Há muitas vantagens inerentes à negociação de futuros sobre outras alternativas de investimento, como contas de poupança, ações, títulos, opções, imóveis e colecionáveis.
1. alta alavancagem. A principal atração, é claro, é o potencial para grandes lucros em um curto período de tempo. A razão pela qual a negociação de futuros pode ser tão lucrativa é a alta alavancagem. Para "possuir" um contrato de futuros, um investidor só tem que colocar uma pequena fração do valor do contrato (geralmente em torno de 10-20%) como "margem". Em outras palavras, o investidor pode negociar uma quantia muito maior do título do que se ele o comprasse imediatamente, então se ele previu o movimento do mercado corretamente, seus lucros serão multiplicados (dez vezes em um depósito de 10%). Este é um excelente retorno comparado à compra e entrega física em estoque.
Negociação de Curto Prazo.
Negociação de curto prazo irá ajudá-lo a capturar movimentos explosivos de curto prazo de ações e índices futuros indianos em ambos os mercados de BULL e BEAR!
Day Trading é um processo de captura da Volatilidade Intra-Dia nos Futuros de Ações e Índices altamente líquidos!
Capture tendências de curto prazo em Futuros de Commodity negociados nas Bolsas de Futuros NCDEX e MCX Commodity.
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Todos os nomes ou produtos mencionados são marcas comerciais ou marcas registradas de seus respectivos proprietários.

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Ativo Líquido.
O que é um 'ativo líquido'
Um ativo líquido é um ativo que pode ser convertido em dinheiro rapidamente, com impacto mínimo no preço recebido no mercado aberto. Ativos líquidos incluem instrumentos do mercado monetário e títulos do governo. O mercado de câmbio é considerado o mercado mais líquido do mundo porque trilhões de dólares trocam de mãos todos os dias, impossibilitando que qualquer indivíduo influencie a taxa de câmbio.
QUEBRANDO "Ativos Líquidos"
Recursos do ativo líquido.
Um ativo líquido deve ter um mercado estabelecido em que existam compradores e vendedores suficientes para que o preço de mercado do ativo não possa ser manipulado ou facilmente modificado. Uma empresa deve ter a capacidade de transferir a propriedade do ativo de maneira rápida e fácil pelo preço de mercado completo. Se um desconto é aplicado ao preço de venda, o ativo é considerado ilíquido.
Hierarquia de Ativos Líquidos.
Os ativos são listados no balanço patrimonial de acordo com a liquidez, sendo que os ativos mais líquidos são listados primeiro. Por essa razão, o caixa sempre é listado como o primeiro ativo circulante porque é o ativo mais líquido. Equivalentes de caixa podem ser combinados com caixa na linha de cima porque representam instrumentos exigíveis e conversíveis disponíveis para conversão imediata. O caixa é tipicamente seguido por títulos negociáveis, contas a receber, estoques, ativos fixos e ágio.
Importância dos Ativos Líquidos.
Os ativos líquidos são uma classificação importante para credores e credores. Uma empresa com maior quantidade de ativos líquidos tem maior capacidade de pagar as obrigações de dívidas conforme elas se tornam devidas. Portanto, embora a declaração de ativos líquidos ou ilíquidos não seja necessária para fins externos, a administração e algumas entidades externas, como bancos ou instituições financeiras, consideram os totais de ativos líquidos úteis nos preparativos de empréstimos. Além disso, os fundos de emergência são normalmente mantidos em ativos líquidos para facilitar o acesso.
Exemplo de Ativo Líquido / Mercado.
O mercado de ações é um exemplo de mercado líquido, porque há um grande número de compradores e vendedores, e certas ações são exemplos de ativos líquidos. Devido ao seu alto volume de negociações, certos títulos eqüitativos podem ser rapidamente convertidos em dinheiro. Esse é especialmente o caso de ações com alta capitalização de mercado e grande volume de ações. Como os estoques podem ser facilmente vendidos usando mercados eletrônicos para preços de mercado completos sob demanda, os títulos equitativos - sob as condições certas - são ativos líquidos.

A maioria das opções de índice de estoque líquido
Bombas rotativas podem lidar com uma grande variedade de líquidos, cada um com sua própria característica. Para saber mais sobre alguns dos líquidos comumente bombeados por bombas rotativas, role a lista para baixo ou selecione a letra para restringir sua pesquisa. Se você manuseia um líquido não encontrado nesta lista, levante a mão (sobre o teclado) e envie-o para um tópico sugerido.
Outros nomes: dimetilcetona.
Observações: A acetona é um líquido incolor, extremamente inflamável, p. e. 56 ° C / 133 ° F; miscível com água, álcool, éter, clorofórmio e a maioria dos óleos. Usado na fabricação de anidrido acético; solvente para acetato de celulose; solvente em tintas, lacas e adesivos; também usado como solvente em resinas epoxi e produtos farmacêuticos; usado na forma mais pura para limpar e secar peças de precisão.
Notas da bomba: Recomenda-se a construção em ferro fundido, elastômeros de PTFE, Kalrez® ou EPR. A vedação do eixo é crítica devido à natureza perigosa do líquido; use um selo mecânico ou um projeto de bomba sem selo.
Um nome para um grupo de substâncias capazes de manter os materiais unidos por fixação na superfície.
Outros nomes: Cimento, cola, mucilagem, pasta.
Observações: Adesivos são feitos de muitos materiais básicos diferentes, entre eles dextrina, látex, borracha líquida, resina, silicato de sódio e amido. Os adesivos são utilizados na fabricação de caixas de papelão, compensados, móveis, sacos de papel, fitas sensíveis à pressão e muitas indústrias, incluindo automotiva, impressão, fabricação, etc.
Notas da bomba: A construção da bomba varia de ferro fundido para aço inoxidável, dependendo da natureza corrosiva de adesivos individuais. Os elastômeros também variam dependendo dos solventes individuais usados ​​no adesivo. A vedação do eixo pode ser empanques ou vedantes mecânicos. Geralmente, os adesivos são muito viscosos e o projeto da bomba deve ser capaz de lidar com essas viscosidades. Os adesivos também podem conter abrasivos e o projeto da bomba deve ser capaz de manipular partículas.
Normalmente considerado para significar álcool etílico, q. v. Para outros álcoois, ver nomes específicos, como álcool metílico, álcool butílico, álcool isopropílico, etc.
Resinas feitas pela união de ácidos dibásicos, ou anidridos, como o anidrido ftálico, com um álcool poli-hídrico, como o glicerol.
Viscosidade: pode variar de 100 cPs. para mais de 1000 cPs. dependendo da temperatura e composição de resina alquídica particular.
Observações: As resinas alquídicas podem ser variadas ou modificadas pelo uso de outros anidridos, glicóis, polióis ou outros líquidos, sendo os mais comuns os óleos naturais. As resinas alquídicas são fáceis de aplicar, mantêm sua aparência inicial após longa exposição ao clima e têm boa resistência ao calor, retenção de cor, resistência, aderência e flexibilidade. Eles são usados ​​como revestimentos protetores e decorativos para metais, madeira, papel, têxteis; são utilizados em adesivos, tintas de impressão, revestimentos de pisos; como veículos em acabamentos automotivos e industriais; e em tintas, vernizes e esmaltes de óleo e água.
Notas da Bomba: As recomendações de construção dependem de formulações individuais. Selos de eixo mecânicos podem ser usados ​​dependendo da viscosidade e temperatura.
Outros nomes: amônia anidra; veja também Hidróxido de Amônio.
Sp. Gr .: 0,64 @ 0 ° C / 32 ° F.
Viscosidade: 0,3 cPs. / 2,13 SSU.
Observações: A amônia é um gás ou líquido incolor, tem um odor pungente, é mais leve que o ar como um gás, é facilmente liquefeita pela pressão, é muito solúvel em água ou álcool e tem um p. e. -29єC / -20єF, ponto de congelação -78єC / -108єF. O maior volume de amônia é usado para fertilizantes. Outras utilizações incluem a produção de ácido nítrico, ureia, acrilonitrilo; refrigeração; solvente. O líquido de amônia provoca queimaduras; o gás é extremamente irritante, causando náusea e dificuldade em respirar.
Notas da Bomba: Recomenda-se a construção em ferro fundido, neoprene ou buna n elastômero. Vedações mecânicas duplas com reservatório de óleo são normalmente usadas para vedação do eixo. O projeto da bomba deve ser adequado para um líquido fino e não lubrificante.
Outros nomes: Aqua amônia; solução aquosa de amoníaco, solução de amoníaco, hidrato de amónio.
Sp. Gr .: Um pouco menor que 1,0.
Observações: Líquido incolor, forte odor característico. O hidróxido de amônio é produzido pela dissolução de gás de amônia na água. As concentrações da solução variam até cerca de 30%. Utilizado na fabricação de têxteis, raiom, borracha, fertilizantes, plásticos, sabões de amônia, lubrificantes, tinta, explosivos e na saponificação de gorduras e óleos, como detergente e limpador doméstico. Os limpadores de janelas de amônia são soluções fracas de hidróxido de amônio.
Notas da Bomba: Recomenda-se a construção em ferro fundido, neoprene ou buna n elastômero. As bombas que foram usadas para o manuseio de hidróxido de amônio enferrujam muito quando são drenadas; Encha com líquido ou escorra e encha com óleo para evitar a ferrugem. Selos padrão têm uma tendência a secar e endurecer se deixados expostos ao ar por qualquer período de tempo.
Outros nomes: éster amilacético, óleo de banana.
Viscosidade: ligeiramente maior que a água.
Observações: Líquido incolor. Muito ligeiramente solúvel em água; miscível com álcool e éter; o vapor é mais pesado que o ar. Inflamável como líquido. Solvente para lacas e tintas, utilizado em preparações de limpeza a seco, como agente aromatizante e na impressão e acabamento de tecidos.
Notas da Bomba: Recomenda-se a construção em ferro fundido, elastômeros PTFE ou Kalrez®. A vedação mecânica do eixo é recomendada. O projeto da bomba deve ser adequado para manusear um líquido fino.
Outros nomes: álcool n-amílico, primário; n-butilcarbinol.
Observações: O álcool amílico pode existir com a mesma fórmula em várias estruturas moleculares diferentes. A informação dada aqui pertence particularmente ao álcool identificado como álcool n-amílico, primário. Um líquido incolor com um odor suave, ligeiramente solúvel em água, tem um p. e. 138єC / 280єF, ponto de congelação -79єC / -110єF, ponto de inflamação (copo aberto) 48єC / 118єF. Usado como matéria-prima para preparações farmacêuticas.
Notas da bomba: Construção em ferro fundido, elastômeros EPR são recomendados. A vedação mecânica do eixo é recomendada. O projeto da bomba deve ser capaz de lidar com um líquido fino.
Outros nomes: Asfalto, betume, piche, trinca de Trinidad, piche mineral, asfalto de petróleo.
Viscosidade: Varia amplamente com o tipo e a temperatura, normalmente manipulados na faixa de 150 a 205 ° C / 300 a 400 ° F, na qual a viscosidade da temperatura geralmente é de 100 cPs. a 5000 cPs. alcance.
Observações: Material sólido ou semi-sólido marrom ou preto escuro, composto principalmente de betumes, que ocorre na natureza ou é obtido como resíduo no petróleo de refino. Asfalto é usado para pavimentação de estradas, coberturas, impermeabilização, tintas, amaciantes em misturas de borracha e fungicidas.
Notas da Bomba: Recomenda-se a construção em ferro fundido. Normalmente, o empacotamento é usado para uma vedação do eixo, mas vedações mecânicas também foram usadas com sucesso. O revestimento da bomba é normalmente necessário para manter o produto à temperatura. O asfalto é uma temperatura ambiente sólida que requer que a bomba atinja a temperatura antes de operar.
Asfalto que foi diluído para um líquido ou semi-sólido com um diluente de petróleo.
Viscosidade: Variável, dependendo da diluição e temperatura, normalmente 22 a 220 cPs. / 100 a 1.000 SSU na faixa de 21 a 93єC / 70 a 200єF.
Observações: O asfalto cut-back é usado para revestir superfícies de estradas.
Notas da Bomba: A construção em ferro fundido é satisfatória. Embalagem é a vedação normal do eixo.
Uma suspensão ou emulsão de asfalto em água.
Viscosidade: Geralmente relativamente fina; quase parecido com água.
Observações: Muitas vezes pode ser usado sem ser aquecido. As emulsões asfálticas podem ser aplicadas da mesma maneira que os asfaltos; depois que a água tiver evaporado, o asfalto endurece em um filme contínuo. Usado para revestimento de estradas, impermeabilização de cimento e compostos para telhados.
Notas da Bomba: A construção em ferro fundido é satisfatória. Embalagem é a vedação normal do eixo. São necessários recursos especiais de construção, dependendo do projeto específico da bomba.
Outros nomes: Barite.
Sp. Gr .: 4.4 (Pó)
Viscosidade: Varia de acordo com a concentração e o líquido usado para fazer pasta.
Observações: Um pó fino, branco e inodoro. Praticamente insolúvel em água e solventes; solúvel em ácido sulfúrico concentrado. É usado como pigmento para tintas, enchimentos para plásticos e tintas e na indústria médica. O sulfato de bário é abrasivo.
Notas da Bomba: A construção em ferro fundido é satisfatória. Um selo mecânico resistente à abrasão deve ser usado para a vedação do eixo. Devido às características abrasivas do líquido, devem ser usados ​​recursos de design para combater a abrasão.
Observações: Cerveja, cerveja, cerveja e levedura q. v. pode ter uma grande variedade de propriedades, dependendo da cervejaria em particular ou do estágio do processo.
Notas de Bomba: As bombas de deslocamento positivo geralmente não lidam com a cerveja em sua forma potável. Produtos relacionados, como o mosto de cerveja e a levedura usada, podem ser manuseados. Entre em contato com o fabricante de bombas individuais para recomendações específicas.
Outros nomes: Benzol.
Observações: Líquido límpido, incolor e inflamável; ponto de ebulição 80 ° C / 176 ° F; ponto de fusão 5 ° C / 41 ° F; ponto de inflamação (copo fechado) -11єC / 12єF. Miscível com álcool, acetona, tetracloreto de carbono; ligeiramente solúvel em água. O benzeno é usado na fabricação de estireno, detergentes sintéticos, inseticidas, fumigantes e solventes. O benzeno é extremamente inflamável; o vapor é prejudicial; o líquido é venenoso.
Notas da bomba: O benzeno é um líquido perigoso para manusear. Consulte o fabricante de bombas individuais para recomendações.
Outros nomes: escumas de licor negro.
Viscosidade: Varia de 22 cPs. para 25.000 cPs.
Sp. Gr .: varia em torno de 0,95.
Observações: Sabão de licor negro (escumas) é o conteúdo de ácidos gordos e colofónia do licor negro que flutua para a superfície após evaporação parcial do teor de água. A viscosidade varia muito e o produto é de desbaste. O sabão de licor negro é uma matéria-prima para o tall oil.
Notas da bomba: A construção em ferro fundido ou em aço inoxidável pode ser apropriada, dependendo dos requisitos individuais. O revestimento da bomba pode ser necessário se o produto for manuseado a temperatura elevada.
Outros Nomes: Sangue Animal.
Viscosidade: ligeiramente mais que a água.
Observações: O sangue é um pouco corrosivo. O sangue das casas de embalagem é usado para fertilizantes, adesivos e rações para porcos e galinhas.
Notas da bomba: A recomendação da bomba acima não se destina a manusear sangue humano. Para o serviço de packing house, a construção descrita deve ser considerada dispensável. Considere as bombas montadas em aço se a sujeira ou a areia puderem ser misturadas com o sangue. Bombas operam melhor se forem reduzidas para lidar melhor com materiais estranhos.
Viscosidade: Altamente viscosa; verifique com fabricantes individuais para viscosidade específica.
Observações: O estoque brilhante é um óleo lubrificante de alta viscosidade, obtido a partir de resíduos de destilação de petróleo. Usado para misturar com óleos neutros na preparação de óleos lubrificantes para motores automotivos.
Notas da Bomba: A construção em ferro fundido é satisfatória. Buna n é geralmente adequado para elastômeros. A embalagem deve ser usada devido à viscosidade.
Outros nomes: Existem muitos tipos de salmoura, como cloreto de cálcio e cloreto de sódio. Procure o tipo específico, se conhecido.
Observações: Normalmente, as salmouras são finas e podem ser de natureza ácida ou alcalina. A salmoura é usada em alguns sistemas de refrigeração, para a conservação de alimentos e para a limpeza de alguns produtos ou sistemas.
Notas da bomba: Bombas de ferro que manuseiam salmoura irão corroer rapidamente quando expostas ao ar. Verifique a construção do equipamento no restante do sistema para obter orientação sobre como selecionar a construção da bomba. Para reduzir a possibilidade de corrosão eletrolítica, não use metais dissimilares.
Outros nomes: Vinylethylene.
Observações: Gás incolor com odor aromático suave, facilmente liquefeito, 1,21 BAR / 17,6 PSI, extremamente inflamável, solúvel em álcool, polimeriza facilmente, b. p. -5єC / -23єF, pressão de vapor de 17,6 PSI a 0єC / 32єF. Utilizado na formulação de borrachas de estireno-butadieno e nitrilo-butadieno; tintas de látex; Combustíveis de foguetes.
Notas da Bomba: A construção em ferro fundido é satisfatória. Os elastômeros Viton® são recomendados. Use um selo mecânico ou um projeto sem vedação devido à natureza perigosa deste produto.
Viscosidade: 0,1 cPs. / 0,78 SSU.
Observações: Gás incolor; não tem ação corrosiva em metais; ferve sob pressão atmosférica a cerca de -1 ° C / 31 ° F. Usado para fazer borracha sintética, combustíveis de alta octanagem, misturados com propano para combustíveis domésticos e industriais. É um dos líquidos referidos como GLP, embora o propano seja mais freqüentemente referido como GLP. O butano formará misturas explosivas com o ar.
Notas da Bomba: A construção em ferro fundido é satisfatória. Os elastômeros Buna n ou Viton® são recomendados. Uma bomba de vedação mecânica deve ser usada devido à natureza perigosa deste líquido. Investigue os fabricantes de bombas que oferecem bombas listadas UL para este serviço.
Outros nomes: 1-butanol.
Observações: Líquido incolor, p. e. 118єC / 244єF, usado na preparação de ésteres e acetatos de butila; solvente para resinas e revestimentos; plastificante; formulações detergentes; algumas resinas de ureia e melamina. Evite a respiração prolongada de vapor e entre em contato com a pele.
Notas da Bomba: A construção em ferro fundido é satisfatória. Os elastômeros Buna n ou Viton® são recomendados. Recomenda-se o uso de uma vedação mecânica do eixo.
Observações: O cloreto de cálcio é um cristal branco, deliquescente, que pode combinar com diferentes quantidades de água. Em todas as formas, é solúvel em água e álcool. A solução de água é normalmente neutra ou ligeiramente no lado alcalino ou básico. Usado para estradas à prova de poeira, descongelamento de neve e gelo, carvão à prova de congelamento ou areia, condicionamento de concreto; indústria de papel e celulose; como salmoura de refrigerao; como um lastro para pesagem de pneus de implementos e em produtos farmacêuticos.
Notas da bomba: A corrosão rápida ocorrerá quando uma bomba de ferro que manuseou a salmoura estiver exposta ao ar. Evite o uso de metais diferentes para reduzir a tendência à corrosão eletrolítica.
Viscosidade: Depende da concentração, mas normalmente varia de 44 cPs. 200 a 200 cPs.
Observações: Um pó branco, insolúvel em água e ligeiramente solúvel em álcool quente, p. 150єC / 300єF. Decomposta por muitos ácidos e álcalis. Utilizado como repelente de água, agente de alisamento em lacas, em vernizes, tintas, esmaltes, plásticos; como lubrificante; Em emulsões, cimentos, lápis de cera; como estabilizante para resinas vinílicas e como antiaglomerante em alimentos. Pode ser abrasivo se manuseado como uma pasta.
Notas da Bomba: A construção em ferro fundido é geralmente satisfatória. O usuário pode solicitar outras metalurgias, dependendo do uso final do líquido ou do solvente, se usado em uma solução. Características revestidas podem ser úteis ao manusear estearato de cálcio fundido. A forma pastosa pode exigir características resistentes à abrasão. Verifique a natureza abrasiva do líquido ou possível ataque corrosivo nos materiais da vedação.
Outros nomes: Bissulfeto de Carbono.
Observações: Líquido límpido, incolor e inflamável; forte odor desagradável; p. e. 46 ° C / 115 ° F; solúvel em álcool, benzeno e éter, ligeiramente solúvel em água. Usado na fabricação de viscose de rayon, celofane, tetracloreto de carbono e agentes de flotação; como medicina veterinária; como solvente para gorduras, resinas, borracha, ceras e outros produtos químicos; em vernizes, lacas, removedores de tinta e verniz; e na fabricação de têxteis de borracha, fumigantes, fósforos, preservativos e pesticidas. O líquido é venenoso, extremamente inflamável, altamente volátil e tem um vapor nocivo.
Notas da Bomba: A construção em ferro fundido é geralmente satisfatória. Outras construções podem ser especificadas devido ao uso final do produto. Os elastômeros Viton® são recomendados. A vedação mecânica do eixo é recomendada.
Outros nomes: tetraclorometano, perclorometano.
Observações: Líquido incolor; o vapor é mais pesado que o ar. Não inflamável, venenoso. p. e. 77 ° C / 170 ° F, f. p. -23єC / -9єF, pressão de vapor 91 mm a 20єC / 68єF; sem ponto de inflamação. Miscível com álcool, éter, clorofórmio, benzeno, nafta; ligeiramente solúvel em água. Usado para refrigerantes e propulsores, desengorduramento de metais, fumigantes de grãos e inseticidas, extintores de incêndio, solventes de limpeza a seco e solventes em geral. Vapor e líquido são perigosos. Pode ser fatal se inalado ou ingerido.
Notas da Bomba: A construção em ferro fundido é geralmente satisfatória. Se contaminado com umidade, o tetracloreto de carbono pode formar ácido clorídrico, que é corrosivo para bombas de ferro fundido. Certifique-se de que o sistema esteja limpo e livre de água para evitar problemas de corrosão indicados acima. O líquido precisa ser Adry ou anidro. Os elastômeros de Viton e uma vedação mecânica são recomendados.
Outros nomes: óleo de Ricinus.
Viscosidade: 44 cPs. para 660 cPs. / 200 a 3.000 SSU.
Observações: Pálida, cor amarelada, transparente, odor suave, sabor nauseante; solidifica a -10 ° C / 14 ° F; solúvel em álcool, éter, benzeno, clorofórmio e dissulfeto de carbono. Usado em revestimentos de proteção, plásticos, lubrificantes, ácidos graxos, têxteis, borracha, fluidos hidráulicos, cosméticos, produtos farmacêuticos, compostos aromatizantes e isolantes.
Notas da bomba: A construção em ferro fundido geralmente é satisfatória, mas pode variar dependendo do uso final do produto. Buna n elastômeros são satisfatórios. A vedação mecânica do eixo é recomendada.
Outros nomes: Chlordane.
Viscosidade: 22 cPs. @ 38 ° C / 100 SSU @ 100 ° F.
Observações: Líquido incolor, inodoro, levemente viscoso, p. e. 175 ° C / 347 ° F; solúvel em muitos solventes orgânicos, insolúvel em água; miscível em querosene. Usado como um inseticida em emulsões de óleo e líquidos dispersíveis. O líquido é prejudicial se ingerido; pode ser absorvido pela pele. Quando usado como um inseticida, o clordano é reduzido com água e torna-se fino em água.
Notas da Bomba: A construção em ferro fundido é satisfatória. Causará oxidação rápida das peças de ferro quando a bomba for exposta ao ar. Manter cheio de líquido ou lavar e encher com óleo. Os elastômeros Viton®, PTFE ou Kalrez® são recomendados. A vedação mecânica do eixo é recomendada.
Outros nomes: Triclorometano.
Observações: Líquido límpido, incolor, pesado e volátil; não inflamável; miscível com álcool, éter, benzeno, nafta; ligeiramente solúvel em água, p. e. 61єC / 142єF, ponto de congelação -63єC / -81єF; sem ponto de inflamação. Usado na fabricação de refrigerantes e propelentes de fluorcarbono, plásticos fluorocarbonados, corantes e drogas, anestésicos; também usado como solvente geral, fumigante e inseticida. O vapor é prejudicial. Líquido pode ser fatal se ingerido.
Notas da Bomba: A construção em ferro fundido é satisfatória. Mantenha a bomba cheia de líquido em todos os momentos para evitar a rápida oxidação ou ferrugem. Se a bomba for drenada, encha com óleo; qualquer diluição ou impureza pode tornar este líquido corrosivo. Os elastômeros Viton® são recomendados. A vedação mecânica do eixo é recomendada.
Outros nomes: chocolate amargo, chocolate doce, chocolate ao leite, licor de chocolate, cobertura de chocolate.
Viscosidade: Varia amplamente de 2.000 cPs. para vários milhares de cPs. dependendo do tipo e processo; também varia acima da faixa de temperatura normal de 38єC a 93єC / 100 °F a 200 °F. A viscosidade do chocolate é frequentemente expressa em graus MacMichael. Esta é uma unidade de medida de viscosidade padrão na indústria de chocolate.
Observações: O chocolate é feito de grãos de cacau. Os grãos são torrados, moídos e misturados com óleos para obter um semi-líquido, que é o ponto inicial na fabricação do chocolate. Chocolate nos estágios iniciais de processamento é conhecido como chocolate amargo. O chocolate amargo ao qual foi adicionado açúcar é conhecido como chocolate doce (o açúcar em chocolate doce pode carbonizar para formar abrasivos em peças de bomba de funcionamento apertado). O chocolate doce ao qual o leite foi adicionado é conhecido como chocolate ao leite. O chocolate que foi diluído para pulverizar alimentos é conhecido como licor de chocolate. O chocolate pode ser diluído com gorduras vegetais, como a noz de palma ou os óleos de coco.
Notas da bomba: As bombas de ferro fundido são normalmente satisfatórias, mas o aço inoxidável também pode ser usado. O manuseio de chocolate com bombas de deslocamento positivo pode envolver uma série de desafios. Forneça detalhes completos do aplicativo para fabricantes individuais para recomendações.
Observações: Cristais brancos com sabor salgado e amargo e odor de peixe. Solúvel em água e álcool; insolúvel em éter, benzeno e dissulfureto de carbono; extremamente higroscópico. Usado em medicina, nutrição e como suplemento alimentar animal.
Notas da bomba: A construção em ferro fundido é satisfatória para concentrações de até 75%. Os elastômeros Buna n são recomendados. A vedação mecânica do eixo é recomendada.
Viscosidade: Altamente viscoso ou semi-sólido à temperatura ambiente. A temperatura normal de bombeamento varia de 66 ° C a 260 ° C / 150 ° F a 500 ° F, com viscosidades variando de 40 cPs. para vários milhares de cPs.
Observações: Um material preto, semi-sólido, mais pesado que a água, obtido na destilação destrutiva do carvão. Sp. Gr. 1.2. Solúvel em éter, benzeno, dissulfeto de carbono; ligeiramente solúvel em água. Uma das principais matérias-primas para uma variedade de corantes, drogas e outros produtos químicos orgânicos. O alcatrão de carvão ou suas frações também pode ser usado para impermeabilização, tintas, revestimento de tubos, coberturas, isolamento, pesticidas e na medicina.
Notas da Bomba: A construção em ferro fundido é satisfatória. Recomenda-se que os recursos de revestimento da bomba mantenham o produto líquido, especialmente na inicialização.
Viscosidade: Sólido à temperatura ambiente; a viscosidade depende do grau e da temperatura de manuseio.
Observações: Um resíduo marrom escuro deixado após o alcatrão de carvão é redestilado. O alcatrão de carvão constitui normalmente 50 a 65% das qualidades usuais do alcatrão de carvão. Utilizado como ligante para eletrodos de carbono, como base para tintas e como plastificante para elastômeros e polímeros, extensores, saturantes e impregnantes. Também usado na impregnação de tubos de fibra para conduítes elétricos e drenagem, compostos de fundição, briquetagem de carvão, pavimentação e coberturas.
Notas da Bomba: A construção em ferro fundido é satisfatória. Recomenda-se que os recursos de revestimento da bomba mantenham o produto líquido, especialmente na inicialização. O produto pode conter abrasivos que exigiriam o uso de peças resistentes à abrasão na bomba.
Outros nomes: manteiga de cacau, óleo de theobroma.
Viscosidade: Variável, dependendo de como foi colocada em solução e a que temperatura está sendo tratada. Pode variar de algumas centenas de cPs. para vários milhares de cPs.
Observações: Sólido branco-amarelado, quebradiço, com sabor e odor semelhantes aos de chocolate p. 35 ° C / 95 ° F; Insolúvel em água; ligeiramente solúvel em álcool; solúvel em álcool em ebulição. Usado na fabricação de doces, produtos farmacêuticos e sabonetes.
Notas da bomba: A construção em ferro fundido geralmente é satisfatória, mas o aço inoxidável pode ser necessário. O revestimento da bomba pode ser necessário para manter o produto líquido.
Outros nomes: Óleo de coco, óleo de coco; manteiga de coco.
Viscosidade: Na faixa de 22-110 cPs, dependendo da temperatura.
Observações: Gordura de banha branca, semi-sólida; odor característico. Solúvel em álcool, éter e dissulfureto de carbono, p. de 20 a 28 ° C / 68 ° F a 82 ° F. Usado em sabonetes; em alimentos; cosméticos; velas; emulsões; resinas alquicas; graxas lubrificantes; detergentes sintéticos; como substituto da manteiga e como fonte de glicerina e ácidos graxos.
Notas da bomba: A construção em ferro fundido geralmente é satisfatória, mas o aço inoxidável também pode ser especificado. Os elastômeros Buna n são recomendados.
Outros nomes: óleo de Morrhua.
Viscosidade: Aproximadamente 110 cPs.
Observações: Óleo amarelo pálido, líquido e não secante; odor e sabor levemente suspeitosos. Solúvel em éter, acetato de etila e dissulfeto de carbono. Usado na medicina por seu conteúdo de vitamina A e D e em curativos de couro.
Notas da bomba: A construção em ferro fundido é satisfatória, mas as necessidades do usuário podem ditar aço inoxidável. Os elastômeros Buna n são recomendados.
Outros nomes: cimento de borracha.
Viscosidade: Varia dependendo do tipo específico de cimento de contato, mas normalmente é considerado bastante viscoso.
Observações: O cimento de contato cobre uma ampla gama de materiais; alguns podem ser emulsões sensíveis ao cisalhamento; outros podem ser inflamáveis ​​por causa de seus veículos; ainda outros podem ser soluções de água. Usado para uma grande variedade de aplicações do tipo adesivo.
Notas da bomba: A construção em ferro fundido ou aço é satisfatória. A escolha do elastômero depende do tipo específico de solvente usado.
Óleos utilizados para fritar gordura de alimentos.
Viscosidade: Água fina em temperaturas normais de operação de 150єC-204єC / 300 °F-400 °F.
Observações: Óleos de cozinha quentes são usados ​​principalmente para fritar gordura de legumes e carnes. Alguns óleos ou gorduras de cozinha ficarão sólidos à temperatura ambiente; pode ser necessária alguma provisão para assegurar a gordura derretida ou óleo na bomba.
Notas da Bomba: A construção em ferro fundido é satisfatória. Os elastômeros Viton® são recomendados devido à temperatura. . Pode ocorrer algum acúmulo de resíduos no óleo nas peças da bomba quando os óleos de recirculação contínua são usados ​​para fritar certos tipos de carne.
Outros nomes: Glucose, xarope de amido.
Sp. Gr .: Varia dependendo da quantidade de vapor removido, mas normalmente de 1,3 a 1,4.
Viscosidade: Varia dependendo da quantidade de vapor de água removido e da temperatura, mas normalmente de 5.000 cPs. para 22.000 cPs.
Observações: Uma mistura espessa e xaroposa de dextrose, maltose e dextrina com um pouco de água. Normalmente incolor; solúvel em água e glicerina. Usado na fabricação de balas, geleias e outros produtos alimentícios, fermentações alcoólicas, produtos farmacêuticos e no tratamento de tabaco.
Notas da bomba: A construção em ferro fundido geralmente é satisfatória, embora aço inoxidável também possa ser especificado. Buna n elastômeros são satisfatórios. O xarope de milho pode ser manuseado a temperatura elevada para reduzir a viscosidade; os recursos de revestimento da bomba devem ser considerados se este for o caso. Vedações mecânicas podem ser usadas dependendo da viscosidade do líquido.
Viscosidade: 44 a 110 cPs.
Observações: Óleo amarelo-amarronzado pálido a preto-vermelho e semi-secante. Inodoro com um gosto suave. Solúvel em éter, benzeno e dissulfeto de carbono; solidifica em torno de 32 ° C / 90 ° F. Usado em medicina, caldo de sabão, lubrificantes, glicerol, cremes cosméticos; na comida como substituto de óleo ou manteiga e em óleos de saladas e de cozinha.
Notas da Bomba: A construção em ferro fundido é satisfatória. Buna n elastômeros são satisfatórios.
Outros nomes: Creosoto wood-tar; alcatrão de creosoto, muitas vezes referido como creosote. O alcatrão de madeira de creosoto e o alcatrão de carvão de creosoto têm propriedades de aplicação de bomba semelhantes e serão aqui combinados.
Viscosidade: Varia dependendo da fonte, mas normalmente 22 cPs.-66 cPs.
Observações: Líquido oleoso com odor característico; o creosoto de alcatrão de carvão é venenoso. Sp. Gr. do creosoto de alcatrão de madeira é 1.1. Creosote é usado para conservantes de madeira e como desinfetante.
Notas da Bomba: A construção em ferro fundido é satisfatória. Os elastômeros Viton® são satisfatórios. Vedações mecânicas podem ser usadas dependendo do grau de creosoto.
Outros nomes: Metilfenol, hidroximetilbenzeno, também semelhante ao ácido cresílico. O cresol comercial é normalmente uma mistura dos orto, meta e / ou para cresóis.
Viscosidade: 8 cPs. - 22 cPs.
Observações: Meta é um líquido amarelado; outros são cristais; todos são solúveis em álcool e éter; todos são perigosos, rapidamente absorvidos pela pele e causam queimaduras graves.
Notas da Bomba: A construção em ferro fundido é satisfatória. Os elastômeros Viton® são satisfatórios; use PTFE para meta.
Viscosidade: Varia dependendo da fonte do campo de petróleo. Pode variar de 8 cPs. para vários milhares de cPs; alguns crudes precisam ser aquecidos antes de serem facilmente manuseados.
Observações: Todos os óleos crus são misturas complexas de parafina, nafteno e hidrocarbonetos aromáticos com pequenas quantidades de hidrocarbonetos aromáticos com pequenas quantidades de enxofre. Os termos bruto base de parafina, base bruta de base asftica e base bruta aromtica so utilizados para indicar os constituintes mais prevalentes de crude de vrios campos. O petróleo bruto é um líquido inflamável que varia de cor, do amarelo ao marrom-avermelhado escuro, tem um odor pesado peculiar; gravidade específica varia de 0,78 a 0,97; O petróleo bruto é refinado para fornecer gás natural, gasolina, nafta, querosene, óleo combustível, óleo lubrificante, cera de parafina, óleo de estrada, asfalto e coque. O petróleo bruto e algumas de suas frações são as principais matérias-primas para muitos produtos químicos.
Notas da bomba: A construção em ferro fundido é satisfatória, embora alguns óleos crus possam exigir o uso de algumas peças de aço inoxidável. Alguns crus contêm areia, água salgada e vestígios significativos de enxofre. Qualquer uma dessas condições pode determinar a construção preferida. A recomendação de elastômero depende do grau particular de petróleo bruto e pode variar de buna n a PTFE.
Álcool etílico ao qual foi adicionada outra substância para a tornar imprópria para consumo humano, e também para impedir a recuperação do álcool da mistura. Os desnaturantes não impedem o uso do álcool na indústria e nas artes. Muitos produtos químicos têm sido usados ​​como desnaturantes, incluindo acetona, cânfora, clorofórmio, acetato de etila, gasolina, iodo, querosene, fenol, óleo de pinho, sabonetes e álcool de madeira.
Notas da Bomba: A construção em ferro fundido é geralmente satisfatória. Os elastômeros usados ​​devem ser compatíveis com o desnaturante.
Outros nomes: detergentes sintéticos, syndets.
Viscosidade: Varia amplamente ao longo do intervalo de 22 cPs. para 16.500 cPs, dependendo da maquiagem e temperatura.
Detergentes, como são comumente considerados, são materiais que têm uma ação de limpeza como o sabão, mas não são derivados diretamente de gorduras e óleos. Os detergentes sintéticos são agentes ativos de superfície. Existem três tipos básicos, determinados por como os íons são carregados. Os detergentes podem conter percentagens variáveis ​​de alquilarilsulfonatos, sulfatos, álcoois gordos, ácidos gordos ou aminas.
Remarks: Detergents are used primarily as household cleaners. Also used in industry for textile scouring, bleaching, de-sizing, dyeing, printing and finishing, for metal cleaning and pickling, for cleaning and sterilizing food processing equipment, in cosmetics, processing leather, fire fighting making synthetic rubber.
Pump Notes: Pump construction varies with individual applications. Close work with user and supplier of product is necessary to arrive at good pump recommendation.
Other Names: Diatomite, kiseselguhr, filter acid.
Soft earthy rock composed of the siliceous skeletons of small aquatic plants called diatoms. Sold as a powder which is able to absorb 1.5 to 4.0 times its weight of water.
Remarks: Diatomaceous earth is used for filtration, clarifying an decolorizing, as a mineral filler, thermal insulation, as an absorbent, an abrasive and as a source of silica in chemical production.
Pump Notes: Diatomaceous Earth is always handled as a mixture with another liquid. Pump construction varies based on the liquid. Diatomaceous earth is mildly abrasive and a pump must be able to handle this.
Other Names: DEA.
Viscosity: Normally in the 110 cPs. to 220 cPs.
Remarks: Colorless crystals or liquid, active base. m. p. 28єC / 82°F, b. p. 217єC / 423°F, flash point (open cup) 138єC / 280°F; soluble in water and alcohol, insoluble in ether. Used as a liquid detergent for emulsion paints, used in cutting oils, shampoos, cleaners and polishes, chemical intermediate for resins, plasticizers.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is usually satisfactory although other construction may be requested by the end user. PTFE or Kalrez® elastomers are recommended.
Other Names: DEG, dihydroxydiethyl ether.
Viscosity: Several hundred cPs.
Remarks: Clear, colorless, practically odorless, syrupy liquid; non-corrosive; hygroscopic. Miscible with water, ethyl alcohol, acetone, ethylene glycol, with a b. p. of 245єC / 443°F and a f. p. of -8єC / 18°F. It is used as a textile lubricant, a conditioner and softener for casin, gelatin, vulcanizing fibers, book-binding pastes, synthetic resins as a solvent for nitrocellulose, gums, resins, oils, organic compounds, for moistening and softening agent for cork compositions, glues, parchments, paper, tobacco, etc. It also can be used in cosmetics and as an anti-freeze to lower the freezing point of water.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Buna n elastomers are recommended.
Other Names: DMF.
Remarks: A water-white liquid, non-corrosive with a b. p. of 153єC / 307°F and a m. p. of -61єC / -78°F; flash point (open cup) 67єC / 153°F. Miscible with water and most organic solvents. Used as a solvent for vinyl resins an dacetylene, solvent for butadiene and some petroleum components, used in dyestuffs and pharmaceuticals.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. PTFE or Kalrez® elastomers and standard mechanical shaft seals are recommended.
Other Names: Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate, DOP.
Viscosity: 66-88 cPs.
Remarks: Light colored, odorless liquid; pour point -46°C / -50°F; flash point 220°C / 425°F; vapor pressure nil; insoluble in water; miscible with mineral oil. Used as a plasticizer for many resins and synthetic rubbers, used as a barrier fluid in handling TDI an other foam liquids.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. PTFE and Kalrez® are the best elastomers to use although Viton® is fair. Mechanical shaft seal is recommended.
Other Names: Alkane, detergent alkylate.
Remarks: Water-white liquid easily polymerized; b. p. 200°C / 390°F; used in drying oils, casting resins and polyesters. Liquids is highly reactive; once reaction started, may proceed with violence.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. PTFE or Kalrez® elastomers and mechanical shaft seals are recommended.
Other Names: Alkane, detergent alkylate.
Viscosity: 11 cPs. / 50 SSU.
Remarks: Used in making synthetic detergents.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. PTFE or Kalrez® elastomers and mechanical shaft seals are recommended.
This group of oils may consist of vegetable, peanut, cannola, corn, safflower, etc.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Buna n elastomers and mechanical shaft seals are usually used.
A substantially permanent mixture of two or more liquids which do not normally dissolve in each other, but which are held in suspension, one in the other. The suspension is usually stabilized by small amounts of additional substances known as emulsifiers. Typical emulsions are milk, Mayonnaise, liquid petroleum emulsions, asphalt emulsions, etc. Typical emulsifiers are egg yolk, casin, certain proteins, soap, bentonite.
Pump Notes: Construction varies based on the particular emulsion.
A type of oil-base paint containing binders that form a film on exposure to air. Enamel has an outstanding ability to level off brush marks and to form an especially smooth film. It is usually intended for use as top coats and contains relatively less pigment than paint formulations for priming or surfacing.
Viscosity: Ranges from 22 cPs. to 5,500 cPs., depending on make-up of the enamel.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Elastomers may be Viton® or PTFE depending on solvents used. Pump construction capable of handling mild abrasives should be considered.
Epoxy resins are those materials resulting from the reaction of bisphenol-A and epichlorohydrin. They may be either viscous liquids or a clear, brittle solid. To the basic resin many different curing agents, diluents and modifiers can be added, as a result there is a wide range of properties.
Viscosity: Ranges from 1,200 to 22,000 cPs., depending on make-up of the resin and the temperature it is being handled. Normal temperature range for handling epoxies is ambient to 90°C / 200°F.
Remarks: Epoxy resins are used for surface coatings, as adhesives and for laminating to make tanks, pipe and some structural parts, some are cast to make plastic metal-forming tools and dyes; other grades are used for potting and encapsulation of electrical parts. Pumps should be slowed down in keeping with viscosity being handled.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is usually satisfactory. EPR or Neoprene elastomers are recommended. A sealless pump design may be used. Mechanical shaft seals and packing have also been used with success.
Other Names: MEA, monoethanolamine, colamine.
Viscosity: 100-200 cPs.
Remarks: Colorless, moderately viscous liquid. Ammonia-like odor. Strong base. Chemically active. Miscible with water; soluble in carbon tetrachloride and alcohol. b. p. 170°C / 340°F, freezing point 10єC / 50°F, vapor pressure 0.48 mm @ 20°C / 68°F, flash point (open cup) 93°C / 200°F. Used as a non-ionic detergent in dry cleaning, emulsion paints, polishes and agricultural sprays, used as a chemical intermediate, in pharmaceuticals and as a corrosion inhibitor.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. PTFE or Kalrez® elastomers are recommended as are mechanical shaft seals.
Other Names: Acetic ether, acetic ester.
Remarks: Colorless, fragrant, flammable liquid. Soluble in chloroform and alcohol, slightly soluble in water. b. p. 77°C / 170°F, vapor pressure 73 mm @ 20°C / 68°F, freezing point -84°C / -120°F, flash point 4°C / 40°F. Used as a lacquer and plastic solvent, as a general solvent, in flavoring and making perfumes, in pharmaceuticals. Ethyl acetate is flammable.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. PTFE or Kalrez® elastomers are recommended as an mechanical shaft seals.
Remarks: Colorless liquid. b. p. 99°C / 210°F, m. p. -72°C / -97°F, flash point 10°C / 50°F. Readily polymerized. Used in making polymers, acrylic paints, as a chemical intermediate. Liquid is flammable and the vapor is harmful; may irritate skin and eyes.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. PTFE or Kalrez® elastomers are recommended as is a mechanical shaft seal.
Other Names: Alcohol, grain alcohol, ethanol.
Viscosity: Water thin.
Remarks: Colorless, volatile liquid. b. p. 78°C / 172°F, freezing point -117°C / -178°F. Soluble in water, methyl alcohol and ether. Vapor pressure 43 mm @ 20°C / 68°F, flash point 14°C / 57°F. Used as a solvent and in the manufacture of dyes, synthetic drugs, synthetic rubber, detergents, cleaning solutions, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and explosives. Used as an anti-freeze, as a beverage and a rocket fuel. Flammable liquid.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Buna n elastomers are recommended as are mechanical shaft seals.
Other Names: Chloroethane.
Remarks: Colorless, highly flammable, volatile liquid. Miscible with most of the commonly used solvents, m. p. -140°C / -220°F, b. p. 12°C / 54°F, vapor pressure 1000 mm @ 20єC / 68°F, flash point (closed cup) -50°C / -58°F. Used as an anesthetic in medicine, in organic synthesis and as an alkylating agent; solvent for sulfur, fats, oils, resins and waxes. Used as an insecticide. Ethyl chloride is extremely flammable.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is usually satisfactory although the presence of water can cause rapid corrosion. PTFE or Kalrez® elastomers are recommended and Viton® has fair compatibility. Mechanical shaft seals recommended.
Other Names: Ethylene chloride, 1.2-dichloroethane.
Remarks: Colorless, oily liquid. Will not corrode metals. miscible with most solvents, slightly soluble in water. b. p. 83°C / 181°F, freezing point 35°C / 95°F, flash point 21°C / 70°F. Used in making vinyl chloride; as a solvent for fats, oils, waxes, rubber, various resins, gums; used as a fumigant, in dry-cleaning solvents, in lacquers, paints, varnish and finish removers, as a metal degreaser, in soaps and in wetting or penetrating agents. Ethylene dichloride is flammable.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Viton® elastomers are recommended as is a mechanical shaft seal.
Other Names: Ethylene alcohol, glycol.
Viscosity: 7 to 15 cPs. alcance; 50-50 mix by weight with water has viscosity of 8 cPs. at 24°C / 75°F.
Remarks: Clear, colorless, syrupy liquid. Sweet taste. Hygroscopic. Lowers freezing point of water; soluble in water, alcohol and ether. b. p. 197°C / 387°F, freezing point -13°C / 9°F, flash point 116°C / 241°F. Used as an anti-freeze in automobiles, for brake fluid; used in making polyester fibers in films, as a dye solvent; used in lacquers, resins, printing inks, glue mixtures, as a solvent for waxes, resins and drugs.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Buna n elastomers are recommended as is a mechanical shaft seal.
Remarks: Colorless liquid; soluble in most organic solvents and miscible with water in all proportions. Explosive limits of vapor in air 3 to 80%, b. p. 11°C / 52°F, flash point (open cup) below -20°C / -4°F. Basic material used in manufacturing several of the glycols, in making acrylonitrile, ethanolamines; used in making detergents; petroleum emulsifiers; also used as a rocket propellant. Ethylene oxide is extremely flammable; vapor is harmful and may cause burns. Spontaneous combustion may take place at or near ambient temperatures.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. PTFE or Kalrez® elastomers are recommended. Due to the explosive nature of this product, double mechanical seals or a sealless design pump should be used.
Other Names: Animal fat, cold fat, liquid fat, hot fat, lard, hashed fat and ground fat.
Viscosity: For liquid fat, hot fat or melted lard, viscosity is water-thin. For hashed fat or ground fat, viscosity is very indefinite, but on the order of 22,000 cPs.
Remarks: Handling fats, both liquid and ground, is most often encountered in packing or food processing plants. Ground pork fat normally presents no problems, but beef fat is much more difficult to handle because of its "dry" nature.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Buna n is satisfactory for ambient temperature applications; Viton® may be required for high temperature applications. Use of a mechanical shaft seal depends on the product pumped. Cold fat applications generally required us of a packed pump.
Other Names: Olec acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid.
Viscosity: Several hundred cPs., depending on the specific acid and temperature. Normal temperature range is from ambient to 93°C / 200°F.
Remarks: Fatty acids are used in the making of soaps and synthetic detergents, lubricants, rubber products, cosmetics, waterproofing and as a nutrient. Sp. Gr. 0.84 (typical).
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is generally acceptable although stainless steel may be required if slight corrosion on cast iron can not be tolerated. Viton®, PTFE or Kalrez® elastomers are recommended. Mechanical shaft seal is recommended.
Viscosity: 20-70 cPs.
Remarks: Fish oils are a by-product of the cannery industry. Are used as nutrients, source of vitamins, in soaps and for leather dressing. Have a characteristic odor.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Buna n elastomers are recommended as is a mechanical shaft seal.
"Fish Solubles" is residue from canning plants, consisting of fish scales, skin, small bones, other non-usable parts of the fish, non-cannable fish, along with sand or other materials the fish might have had in his stomach at the time of the catch. "Fish Solubles" is shipped as liquid sludge and then stored in closed tanks at the point of use for several years to allow fermentation to take place. The fermentation process increases the nutritive value of the solubles so they are more effective when added to animal feed. As they ferment they become increasingly acidic, making them more difficult to handle corrosion-wise as they age.
Viscosity: Normally in the 220-5,500 cPs.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Buna n elastomers are normally acceptable. This product may be abrasive; choice of sealing options and abrasion resistant pump options should be considered based on the product handled.
Foots has several definitions, depending upon the industry under consideration. In the bean and seed processing (soy, cottonseed, etc.) It is the fibrous residue material after the beans have been processed and all of the oil completely removed; may include dirt and sand from the harvest fields. In the soap-making industry it is a mixture of soap, oil and impurities that precipitate out when natural fatty oils are refined by treatment with caustic soda. The make-up of "Foots" varies so widely in both industries that a pump recommendation is difficult to make. Some of the bean or seed Foots can build up within a pump, requiring that clean out or flush out features be considered. Foots, basically, are what is left after processing has been done in either industry and as a result, the pump recommendation should be based on each particular installation.
Other Names: Oxymethylene, formic aldehyde, methanal, formalin.
Sp. Gr.: 1.1 for 37% solution.
Viscosity: 37% solution - water-thin.
Remarks: Colorless gas; soluble in water, alcohol and ether; polymerizes easily. Is usually handled as an aqueous solution with or without methanol which acts as an inhibitor of the polymerization. Properties of 37% solution (also called formaldehyde or formalin): clear, colorless liquid; pH 3.0. Used in urea and melamine resins, in making phenolic resins, ethylene glycol, fertilizer, dyes and medicine. Also used in embalming fluids and as a preservative. Formaldehyde causes irritation of the skin, eyes, nose and throat. Proceed with caution when selecting a pump for handling formaldehyde.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction may be used on an expendable basis. Percent concentration and end use of product may require other construction. PTFE and Kalrez® are recommended elastomers with Viton® rated fair. A mechanical shaft seal is recommended.
Other Names: Fluorinated hydrocarbons, fluorocarbons.
Formula: Depends on particular Freon.
Viscosity: 0.2 to 0.4 cPs.
Remarks: Current use of Freons is limited mostly to refrigeration applications due to concerns of ozone depletion with Freons used as propellants or cleaning agents.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Choice of elastomers depends on the particular Freon used. Mechanical shaft seals or sealless pump designs are recommended.
Processing fruit juices presents some special problems because the acids contained in fruits are corrosive to many metals. There also can be corrosive action from some of the preservatives used.
Viscosity: Varies from thin to thick, depending on the stage in the process.
Remarks: Processing of fruit juices may involve sanitary requirements, possible flushing cycles and handling of many additives and preservatives, as well as the fruit juices. Some viscosity may be involved, depending on the extent to which the juices have been concentrated.
Pump Notes: Pumps designed for sanitary service and constructed of stainless steel are normally required for this application.
Viscosity: 8 to 88 cPs., depending on number and temperature.
Remarks: Fuel oil is defined as any liquid petroleum product used for generation of heat or power, exclusive of liquids such as kerosene and lighter. #1 fuel oil is normally used in vaporizing type burners; #2 is used for domestic heating; #'s 3 and 4 are used in industrial furnaces.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Buna n elastomers are normally satisfactory but Viton® may also be required. Mechanical shaft seals are recommended.
Other Names: Bunker fuels, Bunker "C" Óleo.
Viscosity: Varies from 66-13,000 cPs. @ 21°C / 70°F. Normally handled at temperatures in the 120 to 150F range (50-1700 CPs.) for ease of handling.
Remarks: Fuel oil #5 and #6 are semi-solid or very viscous at room temperatures and must be preheated before being used. They are used as a fuel in many large commercial and public buildings as well as in large industrial plants and power plants. Occasional abrasives and/or sludge in these heavy oils can cause some pump or seal problems. Avoid the use of long suction lines with heavy fuel oils to prevent cavitation-type problems.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Viton® elastomers are usually acceptable with PTFE sometimes required depending on the particular liquid. Mechanical shaft seals are recommended.
A variety of clay-like material which has high natural adsorptive powers. It is used for decolorizing of oils and other liquids, for floor-sweeping compounds, cosmetics, rubber filler and as a filtering medium. It is slightly abrasive. Pumps handling liquids containing Fuller's earth should take the same precautions as recommended under diatomaceous earth, q. v.
A broad term used almost synonymously with insecticide to mean those liquids, sprays or gases used to control harmful insects. These liquids can be highly corrosive, depending on concentration and liquid in which they are in solution. They are often highly toxic to plant and animal life.
A pump recommendation should be based on liquid supplier's suggestion, along with an understanding of user's procedure for pumping the liquid.
Other Names: Ant oil, artificial; furfuraldehyde.
Remarks: Colorless liquid; soluble in alcohol, ether and benzene, m. p. -36°C / -32°F, b. p. 162°C / 260°F, flash point (open cup) 65°C / 150°F. Furfural is made from oat hulls, rice hulls or corn cobs. Used as a solvent in the refining of lubricating oils, solvent for nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, used in the preparation of synthetic resins, as a weed killer and fungicide.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. PTFE or Kalrez® elastomers are recommended as is a mechanical shaft seal.
Remarks: Gasoline is a mixture of volatile hydrocarbons suitable for operation of internal combustion engines. It is also used as a solvent. It is dangerous because of its flammable nature.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Buna n or Viton® elastomers are recommended. Pay special attention to inlet conditions based vapor pressure of the particular grade.
A protein obtained from collagen by boiling skin, ligaments, tendons, bones, etc. with water. It is similar to animal glue except that the raw materials are more carefully selected and cleaner. Type A gelatin is obtained from acid treated raw materials and type B from alkali treated raw materials.
Viscosity: Varies widely, depending on temperature and liquid used to put gelatin into solution. Normally handled in 49° to 71°C / 120° to 160°F range.
Remarks: Gelatin is a colorless, transparent, odorless, tasteless material available in sheets, flakes or powder. It swells up and absorbs five to ten times its weight of water; soluble in hot water, glycerol and acetic acid; insoluble in alcohol and other organic solvents. It is used in making photographic film, sizing, plastic compounds, textile and paper work, foods, rubber substitutes, adhesives, cements, capsules for medicinals, etc. Select pump for maximum viscosity that might be encountered; gelatin may set up in pump during down times; provision for heating should be considered along with consideration of oversize ports.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory but may vary depending on the requirements of the end user. Buna n elastomers are generally acceptable but should be verified with the end user. Use of a mechanical shaft seal depends on viscosity of the particular product.
Trade name for a line of fluorinated hydrocarbons made by Allied Chemical's General Chemical Division. They have numbers and properties similar to Freons, q. v.
Other Names: Glycerol, glycyl alcohol.
Viscosity: Varies from 44 to 1,000 cPs. depending on temperature and concentration.
Remarks: Clear, colorless, odorless, syrupy liquid; hygroscopic. m. p. 18°C / 64°F, b. p. 290°C / 554°F; soluble in water and alcohol; insoluble in ether; flash point 177°C / 350°F. Used in alkyd resins, cellophane, explosives, ester gums, pharmaceuticals, perfumery, cosmetics, foodstuffs, as a solvent, in printer's ink rolls, as an emulsifying agent, in anti-freeze, for paper coatings and finishes, for special soaps, lubricants and softeners and as a hydraulic fluid.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Buna n elastomers are recommended as is a mechanical shaft seal.
Other Names: Lubricating grease, automotive grease, bearing grease, etc. For hot cooking grease see Cooking Oils, Hot.
Viscosity: From 2,100 cPs. to several hundred thousand cPs. There are several different grades of greases running from an NLGI grade of 000 up through grade #6. NLGI is the National Lubricating Grease Institute. The smaller the grade number, the less viscous the grease. The viscosity of grease is often indicated by penetration number as determined by the distance a plumb bob of a known weight will sink into the surface of the grease during a given time period; thus, the higher the penetration number, the softer the grease, e. g., a number 1 grade grease has a penetration range from 310 to 340, while a number 4 grease has a penetration range of 175-205.
Remarks: Lubricating greases are generally mixtures of a mineral oil with one or more metallic soaps; the most common soaps are those of sodium, calcium, barium, aluminum, lead, lithium, potassium and zinc. The texture of grease may be smooth, buttery, ropy, fibrous, spongy or rubbery. Texture does not necessarily indicate the viscosity.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Buna n elastomers are recommended. Shaft packing is normally used although a mechanical shaft seal may be used if viscosity permits. Grease is normally shear thinning so special attention must be paid to pump port sizing and motor sizing for correct horsepower.
Heat transfer liquids are generally made from one of the following: mineral oil, diphenyls, modified terphenyls or polyalkalene glycols. Heat transfer liquid is also known by a variety of trade names such as Dowtherm, Mobiltherm, Therminol, Ucon, etc.
Other Names: Heat transfer oil, HTO.
Sp. Gr.: Approximately 1.0 @ pumping temperature; varies with liquid and temperature.
Viscosity: Less than 1 cPs. at pumping temperatures.
Remarks: Heat transfer liquids are used instead of steam for transferring heat from a source to a point of use such as dies, presses, cooking vessels, processing equipment, etc. Many of them can operate at temperatures up to 315°C / 600°F.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Viton® elastomers are normally recommended due to heat but PTFE or Kalrez® may also be needed. Mechanical shaft seals are recommended. Because of the low viscosity, pump capacity is sometimes less than nominal. To extend the service life, it is recommended that the pumps be run at rated speed or less and that the operating pressure in the system be kept as low as possible. Heat transfer liquid pumps are often critical to the success of an extensive operation, standby pumps should be considered.
Other Names: Dipropylmethane.
Remarks: Volatile, colorless liquid; highly flammable; freezing point -90°C / -130°F, b. p. 98°C / 208°F, flash point -1°C / 30°F; soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform; insoluble in water. Used as a standard for determining octane ratings, as an anesthetic, solvent, etc. Heptane is flammable.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Buna n elastomers are recommended as is a mechanical shaft seal.
Viscosity: 0.4 cPs.
Remarks: Colorless, volatile liquid; highly flammable; b. p. 68°C / 154°F, flash point -22°C / -9°F; soluble in alcohol, acetone and ether; insoluble in water. Used as a solvent, especially as an extraction solvent for vegetable oils, also as a paint diluent and as an alcohol denaturant. Hexane is highly flammable.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Buna n elastomers are recommended as are mechanical shaft seals.
Other Names: Bees honey.
Viscosity: 1,000-11,000 cPs. depending on how much moisture has been removed and on pumping temperature.
Sp. Gr.: Approximately 1.2.
Pump Notes: Pump construction depends on requirements of the end user. A pump suited for sanitary service may be specified.
Hot melt adhesives are those adhesives that do not contain solvents. They bond by being applied as a hot liquid and solidifying as they cool. Hot melts can produce a rapid bond because they bond as soon a the heat is removed. Hot melts normally are handled in the temperature range from 149 to 260°C / 300 to 5000F. See discussion on similar materials under Adhesive.
Pump Notes: Pump construction varies from cast iron to stainless steel depending on the corrosive nature of individual adhesives. Elastomers also vary depending on individual adhesives and pumping temperature. Shaft sealing may be packing or special lip seals. Generally, adhesives are very viscous and the pump design must be capable of handling those viscosities. Adhesives may also contain abrasives and the pump design must be capable of handling particulate.
Other Names: Fire resistant hydraulic fluids. Among the more common fire resistant hydraulic fluids are those made up of water and glycol with some thickeners and additives, phosphate esters and water in oil emulsions with additives.
Viscosity: Viscosities of the above liquids range from 22 to 110 cPs. at ambient temperatures.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Elastomers vary depending on the particular grade of hydraulic fluid. Hydraulic fluids are normally used at high differential pressures and a pump design capable of those pressures must be used.
Viscosity: Normally in the 22 to 66 cPs. range at ambient temperatures.
Remarks: There are many brands of hydraulic oils. They are all basically petroleum oils with various additives to enhance specific properties.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Elastomers vary depending on the particular grade of hydraulic fluid. Hydraulic fluids are normally used at high differential pressures and a pump design capable of those pressures must be used.
Hydrocarbons are compounds of carbon and hydrogen. Under ordinary conditions some of the hydrocarbons are gases, others are liquids, and still others are solids. Propane, gasoline, kerosene, lubricating oils, Vaseline and paraffin are all hydrocarbons. Other hydrocarbons serve as the raw material for dyes, medicines and other end products.
Paraffin Hydrocarbons - A mixture of some of the solid compounds of this series. Paraffin hydrocarbons satisfy the general formula CnH2n+2. The low carbon compounds of this series, such as methane, ethane, propane and butane, are gases under ordinary conditions. Compounds with 5 to 16 carbon atoms are liquids, and those materials that contain more than 16 carbon atoms are solid at ordinary conditions. Paraffin hydrocarbons are also known as saturated hydrocarbons.
Aromatic Hydrocarbons - Hydrocarbons characterized by a molecular structure with 6 carbon atom rings. The solvents benzene, toluene, xylene, naphthalene, etc., are all typical aromatic hydrocarbons. The compounds of this series are liquids under ordinary conditions.
Olefin Hydrocarbons - Stable organic liquids defined by a molecular structure containing at least one pair of double bonded carbon atoms. Ethylene and propylene are typical examples of elefin hydrocarbons.
Normal Hydrocarbons - These are compounds in which all of the carbon atoms of the molecule are in a single unbranched chain. Typical of this group is normal-hexane.
Branched Chain Hydrocarbons - A compound in which not all of the carbon atoms of the molecule are in a single chain. The simplest is isobutane.
A broad term used almost synonymously with fumigants to mean those liquids, sprays or gases used to control harmful insects. These liquids can be highly corrosive, depending on concentration and liquid in the solution. Oftentimes they are highly toxic to plant and animal life.
Pump Notes: Specific recommendations are not possible as there is such a diversity in chemical make up of individual insectisides.
Other Names: Ferrous oxide slurry.
Viscosity: 22 to 1,648 cPs. depending on concentration, vehicle and additives.
Remarks: Iron oxides are used in heavy-duty paint pigments such as used in railway finishes, marine paints and metal primers. They are also used for magnetic tape, polishing compounds, as pigment in rubber products and in grease paints.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Elastomers depend on the solvents used in the slurry. Iron oxide is very abrasive which necessitates use of a pump suitable for abrasive liquid service.
Other Names: 2-methylpropane, trimethylmethane.
Viscosity: 0.1 cPs.
Remarks: A colorless, stable gas that does not react with water and has no corrosive action on metals. It has a b. p. of -12єC / -10єF and a flash point -47єC / -117єF. It is used in organic synthesis, as a refrigerant, as a fuel and as an aerosol propellant.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Buna n elastomers are recommended as is a mechanical shaft seal.
Other Names: Isopropylcarbinol, isobutanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Buna n elastomers are recommended as is a mechanical shaft seal.
Viscosity: 0.5 cPs.
Remarks: Colorless, aromatic liquid. Stable, with a b. p. of 89єC / 192єF, and miscible with most of the common organic solvents. It is used as a solvent for nitrocellulose, fats, oils, waxes, gums, natural and synthetic resins, as well as in making artificial leather, dopes, films, lacquers, plastics and synthetic perfumes.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. PTFE or Kalrez® elastomers are recommended as is a mechanical shaft seal.
Other Names: IPA, dimethylcarbinol, isopropanol.
Remarks: Colorless, clear, mobile liquid; flammable, b. p. 82єC / 180єF, vapor pressure 33 mm Hg at 20єC / 68єF, flash point 22єC / 72єF; soluble in water and ether. Used for making acetone; used as a solvent for oils, gums, resins; used as a deicing agent for liquid fuels; used in pharmaceuticals, perfumes, lacquers, as a preservative, antifreeze and rocket fuel. Isopropyl alcohol is flammable.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Buna n elastomers are recommended as is a mechanical shaft seal.
Trade name for a line of fluorinated hydrocarbons made by Pennsalt Chemical Corporation. They have numbers and properties similar to Freons, q. v.
Jet fuels are petroleum products similar to kerosene used in jet engines. The most common jet fuels now in use are:
JP-4 - Widely used fuel made up of approximately 65% gasoline and 35% light petroleum distillate.
JP-5 - A highly refined kerosene having a flash point of 60єC / 140єF. And a freezing point of -40єC / -40єF. Used by carrier based aircraft.
JP-6 - A higher kerosene cut than JP-4 with less impurities; used in advanced engines.
Commercial jets use ASTM type A, A-1, or B. A and A-1 are kerosene types. Type B is a gasoline-kerosene type similar to JP-4.
Viscosity: 1.5 to 6 cPs.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Buna n or Viton® are recommended depending on the particular grade.
A type of solvent-base paint that forms a film by evaporation of the solvent or by congealing from a molten state. The film-forming constituents consist of cellulose esters or ethers especially nitro-cellulose, often in combination with alkyd resins. Typical solvents used are ethyl alcohol, methyl isobutyl ketone, butyl acetate, toluene or xylene. Lacquer is used for coating metals and wood, especially furniture.
Viscosity: From 22 to 21,978 cPs. depending on make-up.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. PTFE or Kalrez® elastomers are required. A mechanical seal or sealless design pump may be used depending on viscosity and characteristic of the lacquer.
Other Names: Milk acid.
Viscosity: 40 to 100 cPs.
Remarks: Colorless, odorless, hygroscopic, syrupy liquid. b. p. 122єC / 251єF, m. p. 18єC / 64єF; miscible with water, alcohol and glycerin. Used in foods and beverages, as a flavoring and preservative; also used in plastics and textiles.
Pump Notes: Stainless steel is required. PTFE or Kalrez® elastomers are recommended.
Other Names: Wool fat, hydrous.
Viscosity: Widely variable, depending on amount of water.
Remarks: A yellowish-white, ointment-like mass incorporating not less than 25% and not more than 30% water. Soluble in ether; insoluble in water; derived from the wool of sheep. Used as an ointment base, in cosmetics; leather dressing as a finishing and softening agent and in rosin soaps. May be mixed with other oils or fatty acids.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Buna n elastomers are recommended. Shaft sealing depends on the viscosity of the product.
Lard melts at from 38є to 43єC / 100є to 110єF. It has a very sharp demarcation between solid and liquid. For handling both solid and melted lard, see pump construction recommendations under Fats.
Other Names: Hog fat, fat.
LATEX - A milk-like fluid in which small globules or particles of natural or synthetic rubber or plastic are suspended in water.
Viscosity: Varies; generally in the range from 20 cPs. to 5,500 cPs.
Remarks: Latex is used in paints, in producing special papers, in adhesives, as a bonding age in fibers and to make foam and sponge rubber.
Pump Notes: Construction varies and may range from cast iron to stainless steel. Elastomer recommendation varies as well. Latex is very shear sensitive; pump and shaft sealing selection are critical.
Chemical Symbol: Pb.
Viscosity: Unknown, but relatively thin.
Remarks: Lead melts at about 329єC / 625єF. It must be handled at this or somewhat higher temperatures. Molten lead is used in molding many of the end products made from lead, such as storage battery plates, bearings, pipes, etc. Remember to take into account the specific gravity of the lead when making pressure calculations.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Pumps are usually submerged in molten lead to avoid sealing problems.
Viscosity: Varies widely over the range from 1,100 cPs. to 11,000 cPs. depending on make-up and temperature.
Sp. Gr. : 1.0 to 1.2.
Remarks: Lecithin is a mixture of acetone-insoluble phosphatides and triglycerides, fatty acids and carbohydrates. It is derived usually from soybean oil, but may be obtained from corn, other vegetable seeds and egg yolks. In the commercial form it is a light brown, viscous semi-liquid with a characteristic odor, is insoluble in acetone, partly soluble in water and soluble in chloroform and benzene. It is used as emulsifying, dispersing, wetting and penetrating agent; also in margarine, chocolate and candies, animal feeds, paints, printing ink, soaps and cosmetics, blending agent in oils and resins.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Buna n elastomers are recommended. A mechanical shaft seal can be used depending on liquid viscosity.
Other Names: Flaxseed oil.
Viscosity: Ranges from 200 to 1600 cPs. in its raw or refined state. Blown or boiled linseed oil may have viscosities of 11,000 cPs. or higher.
Remarks: Linseed oil is a golden-yellow or brown oil with bland taste; thickens and hardens on exposure to air; it is a typical drying oil used on paints. Soluble in ether, chloroform, carbon disulfide and turpentine. Used in making paints, varnishes, linoleum and oil cloth, printing inks, synthetic resins, caulking, soap and pharmaceuticals.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Buna n elastomers are recommended. A mechanical shaft seal may be used depending on liquid viscosity.
Linseed oil which is bodied, i. e., its viscosity is increased by having air bubbled through it while heated to 125єC / 257єF. The resulting product dries to a harder film and is used largely in interior paints and enamels. Pump construction recommendations are the same as for linseed oil for the high viscosities.
This term is a misnomer since the oil is not boiled. Small amounts of manganese, lead or cobalt are added to hot linseed oil. They serve to accelerate the drying of the oil. Pump construction recommendations are the same as for linseed oil for the high viscosities.
Other Names: Cattle feed solution, liquid cattle feed, liquid supplement; also known by such trade names as Morea, Beef Shake, Mol-Mix, CLS, etc.
Viscosity: Varies from 20 cPs. to several thousand at ambient temperatures. May go to 11,000 cPs. or more at sub-zero temperatures, depending on make-up of particular liquid feed.
Remarks: Liquid feed is normally made up of molasses, urea and a variety of additives such as trace minerals, vitamins, phorphorus, etc.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Buna n elastomers are generally acceptable. A mechanical shaft seal may be used depending on liquid viscosity.
Liquid stick is the product left after the water vapor is removed from the juices of cooked meats. It is primarily protein and is a highly viscous, sticky semi-liquid, difficult to pump. It is normally handled in a temperature range of 82єC / 180єF. Liquid stick is a by-product of packing plants.
Other Names: Liquefied hydrocarbon gas, liquefied petroleum gas; propane is the best known LP-Gas.
Sp. Gr. Propane: 0.51.
Viscosity: .1 cPs.
Remarks: LP-Gas is a compressed or liquefied gas obtained as a by-product in petroleum refining or natural gasoline manufacture. Propane is a colorless gas, has no corrosive action on metals, boils at -42єC / -44єF. It is used primarily for a domestic fuel, an industrial fuel, motor fuel and in chemical synthesis.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Buna n elastomers are recommended. A mechanical shaft seal is required due to the hazardous nature of this liquid.
Other Names: Lube oil.
Viscosity: Ranges widely, depending on the grade or number of oil.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Buna n elastomers are recommended. A mechanical shaft seal is normally used.
Other Names: Methylacetylene Propadiene, stabilized.
Sp. Gr.: 0.58 @ 16єC / 60єF.
Vapor Pressure: 94 PSIG @ 21єC / 70єF.
Viscosity: 0.1 to 0.2 cPs.
Remarks: MAPP Gas is an industrial fuel gas produced by Dow and distributed by Air Reduction Company. It is used as a replacement for acetylene, natural gas and propane in the metal cutting industry.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Viton® elastomers are recommended. A mechanical shaft seal is required due to the hazardous nature of this liquid.
Other Names: Salad dressing.
Viscosity: Appears very viscous but is shear thinning.
Remarks: Mayonnaise is a thick sauce of egg yolk beaten up with additions of edible vegetable oil, vinegar, salt and water. At some stages in production mayonnaise may change state if sheared excessively.
Pump Notes: Stainless steel construction is satisfactory. Buna n elastomers are recommended. A designed for shear sensitive liquids must be used.
Finely ground meat used for wieners, bologna, sausage, etc. Viscosity is very thick and extremely difficult to measure.
Pump Notes: Stainless steel construction is recommended due to sanitary requirements. Buna n elastomers are recommended. Meat emulsion is difficult to handle. Use a pump designed for this service.
Viscosity: 200 to 1000 cPs.
Melamine resins are made from melamine and formaldehyde. They are widely used as molding compounds with cellulose, wood-flour or mineral powders as fillers; they may incorporate coloring materials. Also used for laminating, boil proof adhesives, for increasing wet strength of paper, and for textile treatment to achieve crease and wrinkle resistance. By varying percentages of the main constituents, and by the use of additives, resins with many different properties can be made. Butylated melamine resins and melamine-acrylic resins are examples of these variations. Melamine resins have high retention of color and luster at high temperatures and have fast curing rates at relatively low temperatures.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. PTFE or Kalrez® elastomers are recommended. Consider use of a mechanical shaft seal or sealless design pump.
A group of organic compounds similar to alcohol but having some of the oxygen replaced by sulfur. There are several kinds of mercaptans such as ethyl, lauryl, etc. They have a strong, disagreeable odor; are frequently used for the "stench" in LP-Gas or natural gas.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. PTFE or Kalrez® elastomers are recommended. A mechanical shaft seal or sealless pump design should be used as Mercaptan is frequently used in hazardous areas.
Other Names: Methyl alcohol, wood alcohol.
Remarks: Clear, colorless, volatile, flammable liquid; poisonous. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether, m. p. 98єC / 208єF, flash point (open cup) 16єC / 60єF. Used in the production of formaldehyde, as an automobile antifreeze, as a general solvent, as a denaturant for ethyl alcohol, rocket fuel. Methanol is flammable and the vapor is harmful. May be fatal or cause blindness if swallowed; cannot be made non-poisonous.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Buna n elastomers are recommended as is a mechanical shaft seal.
Other Names: Chloromethane.
Remarks: Colorless, non-corrosive, liquefiable gas, non-irritant but poisonous; b. p. -24єC / -11єF, m. p. -98єC / -144єF, flash point below 0єC / 32єF. Soluble in alcohol, benzene and carbontetrachloride. Used in making silicones, as a refrigerant, in medicine, as a fluid in thermometers, as a low temperature solvent, as a propellant in high pressure aerosols and as a pesticide. Flammable liquid. Vapor harmful. Corrosive in presence of water.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Do not use a pump with any aluminum parts. PTFE or Kalrez® elastomers are recommended as is a mechanical shaft seal.
Other Names: Chloromethane.
Viscosity: .4 cPs.
Remarks: Colorless, volatile liquid. Poisonous when inhaled. Soluble in alcohol and ether, m. p. -97єC / -142єF, b. p. 40єC / 104єF. Used as a component of paint removers, as a fumigant, solvent for alkoids, crude rubbers, oils, resins, waxes; in textile and leather coatings, refrigeration, local anesthetic, for the extraction of oils, fats, perfumes, flavors and drugs, as a propellant for aerosol and a blowing agent in foam. Avoid prolonged or repeated contact with skin or breathing of vapor. Corrosive in presence of water.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Do not use a pump with any aluminum parts. PTFE or Kalrez® elastomers are recommended as is a mechanical shaft seal.
Other Names: Ethyl methyl ketone, 2-butanone, MEK.
Vapor Pressure: Approximately 90mm Hg. absolute at 21єC / 70єF.
Viscosity: 0.4 cPs. / 2.22 SSU.
Remarks: Colorless liquid; acetone-like ordor; flammable. b. p. 80єC / 176єF, m. p. -86єC / -122єF, flash point -4єC / 24єF. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Miscible with oil. Used in lacquers, dewaxing of lubricating oils, paint removers, in adhesives, dopes, manufacture of smokeless powder, in cleaning fluids and printing. Flammable.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. PTFE or Kalrez® elastomers are recommended as is a mechanical shaft seal.
Any liquid product of petroleum within the viscosity range of liquids commonly called oils. Mineral oil is also the official title for a grade of petrolatum, q. v.
Viscosity: From 20 to 1000 cPs.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Buna n elastomers are recommended as is a mechanical shaft seal.
Other Names: Beet molasses, cane molasses.
Viscosity: From a few hundred cPs. 22,000 cPs.
Remarks: In the raw cane sugar industry in the United States, molasses is defined as the syrupy mother liquor which is left after the sucrose has been removed from the cane juice by concentration. If only one crop of crystals had been removed, the mother liquor is called FIRST MOLASSES. If the second crop has been removed after concentration, the product is termed SECOND MOLASSES and so on. The final mother liquor from which no more cane sugar can be extracted is called Final Molasses, Black Strap Molasses. Molasses is used as an animal feed, in food for human consumption, as a raw material for Butanol and acetone; it is also mixed with urea to make an animal feed called "liquid feed." Viscosity of liquid feed is generally quite low with respect to most grades of molasses.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory but stainless steel may also be specified because of sanitary reasons. Buna n elastomers are usually recommended. Pumps are normally furnished with shaft packing.
A compound usually containing carbon and of simple structure which is capable of conversion to polymers, synthetic resins or elastomers by combination with itself or similar molecules or compounds. Styrene is the monomer from which polystyrene resins are produced; vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate are the monomers from which "Vinylite" resins are obtained. Styrene and butadiene are the monomers from which SBR synthetic rubber is obtained.
Pump Notes: Since monomer is a general term, there is no construction that generally applies.
Viscosity: 4 cPs.
Remarks: Colorless, mobile, hygroscopic liquid. A mild base. Miscible with water. Soluble in alcohol and ether, b. p. 129°C / 264°F, m. p. -5°C / 23°F, vapor pressure 6.6 mm @ 20°C / 68°F, flash point (open cup) 38°C / 100°F. Used as a solvent for dyes, resins and waxes, as an emulsifying agent, to make water resistant adhesives and polishes and as a corrosion inhibitor.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. PTFE or Kalrez® elastomers are recommended as is a mechanical shaft seal.
Viscosity: Depends on the mix. Estimated 5,500 cPs.
Remarks: Mustard is the yellow powder of the mustard seed mixed with a liquid for use as a condiment.
Pump Notes: Stainless steel construction is satisfactory. Buna n elastomers are recommended.
The term is usually applied to a narrow-boiling-range fraction of petroleum with volatility somewhere between that of gasoline and kerosene. There are many different types, some of which are listed below.
A general term applied to refined or partially refined petroleum products and liquid products of natural gas which are distilled off in the temperature range of 177-238°C / 350-460°F.
Also called naphtha, V. M. & amp; P. - varnish makers' & painters', varnish makers' naphtha, petroleum spirits, petroleum thinner, mineral spirits, turpentine substitute, mineral thinner, mineral turpentine. Any of a number of narrow-boiling-range fractions of petroleum with boiling points of about 93-204°C / 200-400°F according to the specific use.
A term applied to aromatic solvents derived from coal tar. Information below applies to all naphthas listed.
Viscosity: Water thin.
Remarks: Naphthas are used primarily as solvents for a variety of applications such as thinning paints and varnishes, as a source for certain petro chemicals.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction s satisfactory. Viton® elastomers are recommended as is a mechanical shaft seal.
Other Names: Tar camphor.
Viscosity: 0.8 cPs.
Remarks: White crystalline, volatile flakes; strong coal-tar odor; soluble in benzene; m. p. 80°C., b. p. 218°C., flash point 176°F. Used as a moth repellent, fungicide, cutting fluid, lubricant in synthetic resins, as a preservative, solvent and for textile chemicals. May be some tendency for crystals to form.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Viton® elastomers are recommended. A mechanical shaft seal may be used but should include proper circulation for any crystals formed.
Other Names: Many names are used to describe various types of paints or liquids used in various stages of the making of paints, e. g., primer, abrasive paint, hot bituminous paint, latex paint, water soluble, non-abrasive, Flocoat, paint paste, paint base, alkyd base, epoxy paint, acrylic paint, etc., etc.
Paint is a liquid mixture which can be applied to surfaces to form a dry, thin, protective or decorative film. Paint is composed of a solid (pigment) and a liquid vehicle. The vehicle consists of a binder which forms a film and usually a volatile solvent to improve the ease of application. Paints may be either water-base or oil-base. Oil-base paints have as the thinner organic liquids such as turpentine, naphtha, benzene, acetone or an alcohol.
Some paint binders form film by oxidation or polymerization. Examples of these are drying oils and phenolic or melamine resins. Other binders form films by evaporation of the thinner. Still other binders form a film when particles coagulate from a latex or dispersion of synthetic rubbers.
Paints also contain small amounts of plasticizers, driers, extenders, emulsifiers, stabilizers, etc.
Viscosity: Varies from 20 cPs. to 5,500 cPs. normally, with some of the paste-like materials going much higher.
Remarks: Paints are used, in addition to the normally accepted applications of protective and decorative coatings, for such things as imparting resistance to corrosion, fire or mildew and fungus growth, providing electrical insulation, reduction of frictional resistance, etc.
Pumps are used for handling paints and their constituents at all stages of production. Pumps are used in feeding liquid to and taking it from sand grinders in preparation of the pigments, in the mixing and blending of the various paints when they are being compounded, for circulating, transferring and delivering directly to the point of application, such as a spray head or a striper.
Some paints are shear sensitive; the latex and emulsion type should be handled cautiously, particularly if they are recirculated. Many pumping systems are flushed when colors are changed or at the end of a run, so provision should be made for handling a thin solvent as well as for the paint itself.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is usually satisfactory but stainless steel may be required depending on the paint handled. Elastomer recommendations depend on the solvent used. Many paints or paint constituents are abrasive and must be handled with a pump designed to handle abrasives.
Paper coating is basically a starch slurry with a high percentage (up to 70%) of finely ground clay mixed in. Some paper coatings may also include small amounts of other materials such as titanium dioxide (extremely abrasive), methyl ethyl ketone, latex, toluene and alcohol.
Viscosity: In the 20,000 cPs. range as measured on normal viscosity testing equipment. Liquid is shear thinning. The estimated viscosity as it passes through the pump is in the range of 2,000 cPs. Use of 2,000 cPs. for determining capacity and horsepower gives reasonable results.
Sp. Gr.: Varies from 1.3 to 1.7.
Remarks: Paper coating provides the "slick" surface to paper stock used for magazines. Coating is normally applied by blade coaters.
Pump Notes: Stainless steel construction is frequently used to maintain product color and purity. Buna n elastomers are recommended. Paper coating is abrasive and a mechanical shaft seal and pump design must be selected that are suitable for handling abrasives.
Other Names: Paraffin wax, paraffin hydrocarbon.
Viscosity: Solid at ambient temperatures, almost water-thin when melted (melts above 1200F)
Remarks: White, translucent, waxy, tasteless, odorless solid. Soluble in benzene, warm alcohol, chloroform and olive oil. Insoluble in water and acids. m. p. in the range of 49°C to 65°C / 120°F to 150°F. Used in the manufacture of candles, wax paper, waterproofing wood, impregnating matches, as a lubricant, for preserving eggs, in making crayons, in ointments, preservative coating for food products, phonograph records, floor polishes, cosmetics and in packing tobacco products.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Buna n or Viton® elastomers are recommended depending on temperature. A mechanical shaft seal may be used.
Viscosity: Ranges from 2,000 to 22,000 cPs., varying as make-up and temperature. Normal pumping temperature is from 32°C to 82°C / 90°F to 180°F.
Remarks: Peanut butter is made by mixing ground up peanuts with various additives and fillers. From the mixer peanut butter is pumped through a deaerator and/or a heat exchanger to remove entrained air and to drop the temperature prior to being pumped to the jar filling machines.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory but stainless steel may be used because of sanitary requirements. Buna n elastomers are recommended.
Other Names: PCP.
Viscosity: Thin. Depends on the liquid in which it is in solution.
Remarks: White powder or crystals; soluble in alcohol, acetone, pine oil, benzene. Used as a fungicide, bactericide, herbicide and as a wood preservative. Dust is harmful. Solutions can cause skin irritation.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. PTFE or Kalrez® elastomers are recommended as is a mechanical shaft seal.
Other Names: n-Pentane, amyl hydride.
Remarks: A colorless, mobile, flammable liquid; freezing point -130°C / -202°F, b. p. 36°C / 97°F. Soluble in hydrocarbons, oils and ether; flash point -49°C / -57°F. It is one of the fractions of petroleum; is used as an anesthetic, for low temperature thermometers, as a solvent in extraction processes, as a general solvent, as a blowing agent in plastics and as a pesticide. Pentane is flammable.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Buna n elastomers are recommended as is amechanical shaft seal.
Other Names: "per", tetrachloroethylene, perk.
Remarks: Colorless liquid, nonflammable, nonexplosive, extremely stable. b. p. 121°C / 250°F, flash point none, miscible with alcohol, ether and oils in all proportions. Used as a dry cleaning solvent, vapor degreasing solvent, drying agent for metals and certain other solids, solvent for rubber, waxes, tar, paraffins, gum. May be corrosive in presence of water.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Viton® elastomers are recommended as is a mechanical shaft seal.
Other Names: White mineral oil, paraffin oil-white, Vaseline.
Viscosity: Grease-like at room temperatures, turns to liquid at 38°C / 100°F; has a viscosity of 22 cPs. at its melting point.
Remarks: Soluble in ether, carbon disulfide, benzene. Derived by distillation of one of the high boiling point petroleum fractions. Used in medicine, cosmetics, dispersants, diluents, plastics manufacture, as a binder in foods, as a defoaming agent, lubricant, as a release agent and as a protective coating.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Buna n elastomers are recommended as is a mechanical shaft seal.
Other Names: Carbolic acid, phenylic acid, benzophenol, hydrobenzene.
Viscosity: Phenol melts at 43°C / 110°F. It is thin in the molten state.
Remarks: White, crystalline mass; absorbs water from the air and liquefies, distinctive odor. Poisonous. m. p. 43°C / 110°F, b. p. 182°C / 360°F, flash point 83°C / 182°F. Soluble in alcohol, water, ether, chloroform, glycerol, carbon disulfide, petrolatum. Used in making phenolic resins, epoxy resins (bisphenol-A), in weed killers, as a solvent for lubricating oils, for making a number of acids and pharmaceuticals. Hazardous liquid; rapidly absorbed through the skin, causing severe burns.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is generally satisfactory but stainless steel may also be requested. Viton® elastomers are recommended as is a mechanical shaft seal.
Other Names: Ortho phosphoric acid, phosphoric anhydride. Phosphorus pentoxide, formula P2O5, absorbs moisture to form phosphoric acid H3PO4.
Viscosity: At ambient temperatures, viscosity varies from thin at the 50 and 75% strengths to a syrupy liquid at the 85% strength, to crystals at 100% phosphoric acid.
Sp. Gr.: Solid - 1.8.
Remarks: Phosphoric acid is a clear, colorless, odorless, sparkling liquid, or a transparent, crystalline solid, depending on the concentration and the temperature. The percent concentration of acid is frequently given as a percentage of P2O5, e. g., 75% phosphoric acid contains 54% P2O5, 58% phosphoric acid contains 42% P2O5. Phosphoric acid is used in making fertilizers, soaps and detergents, in pickling and rust-proofing of metals, in pharmaceuticals, sugar refining, water treatment, animal feeds, waxes and polishes and in foods. CUIDADO! Phosphoric acid causes skin irritation. Some phosphoric acids contain impurities which can affect corrosive and abrasive nature of the acid.
Pump Notes: Stainless steel construction is satisfactory. PTFE or Kalrez® elastomers are recommended as is a mechanical shaft seal.
Remarks: White, crystalline needles; soluble in alcohol; melts at 127°C / 260°F. Used in making alkyd resins, plasticizers, hardener for resins, used in making chlorinated products, insecticides and diethyl and dimenthyl phthalate. Phthalic anhydride sets up to a brittle solid when it comes in contact with moisture.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is usually satisfactory but other construction may be requested. PTFE or Kalrez® elastomers are recommended as is a mechanical shaft seal.
Other Names: Coal-tar pitch, hot pitch, tar pitch, roof pitch. Pitch is a thick, dark-colored bituminous substance obtained either as the result of industrial destructive distillation, or as deposits in the earth. Pitch is usually insoluble in water, miscible with carbon disulfide and benzene; has a "tarry" odor. Pitch can be divided into several groups:
(1) Natural deposits - such as asphalt.
(2) Residues from the distillation of mineral oils.
(3) Residues from the distillation of tars. Typical of this group are coal tar pitch, wood tar pitch, pine tar pitch.
(4) Residues from the distillation of fusible organic substances. Fatty acid pitch is typical of this group.
Viscosity: Ranging from 22 to1,100 cPs., depending on particular type of pitch and temperature at which it is being handled. Typical operating temperature range for handling pitch is 204 to 260°C / 400 to 500°F.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Viton® elastomers are usually required because of temperature. Mechanical shaft seals suited for this service may be used.
Plasticizers are materials that are added to a plastic to facilitate compounding and to improve flexibility and other properties of the finished product. Among the important plasticizers are nonvolatile organic liquids or low-melting solids. Typical of the plasticizers are phthalate and aryl phosphate esters; polyol alcohols are also common plasticizers.
Viscosity: Varies widely with the particular plasticizer and the pumping temperature.
Remarks: Plasticizers are especially important in the making of rubber, vinyl and cellulosic resins.
Pump Notes: For specifics on the particular plasticizer being handled, check with the user or supplier for information.
Plastisol is a liquid dispersion of finely divided resin in a plasticizer, q. v.. Polyvinyl chloride resin dispersed in a plasticizer is a typical plastisol. It is usually 100% solid with no volatiles; when volatile content exceeds 5% of the total weight, it is called an organosol. When the plastisol is heated, the plasticizer solvates the resin particles and the mass gels. With continued application of heat, the mass fuses to become a conventional thermoplastic material.
Remarks: Plastisols are useful for molding, casting films or coating. They are often used without volatile or high processing temperatures. Some plastisols or organosols may be heat or shear-sensitive.
Pump Notes: Check with supplier of material for liquid characteristics before making a pump recommendation.
Other Names: PEG, polyoxyethylene, polyglycol or polyether glycol. Polyethylene glycol is the name for polymers of ethylene glycol having a wide range of molecular weights. Properties vary with molecular weight.
Viscosity: varies widely, depending on the particular glycol. Generally in the range of 22 to 220 cPs., with variations beyond this possible.
Remarks: Clear, colorless, odorless, viscous liquids or waxy solids. Soluble or miscible with water and organic solvents. Used in making plasticizers, softeners, lubricants, as a base for cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Polyethylene glycol is often identified by a number such as 400 following the name. The number following the name indicates average molecular weight. The numbers 400 and less indicate a liquid; those with higher numbers generally indicate a solid at room temperature.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Buna n elastomers are recommended as is a mechanical shaft seal.
A substance composed of giant molecules that have been formed by the union of a number of simple molecules with one another. The number that unite to form a polymer molecule varies from two to hundreds or thousands. The simple molecules that undergo such a change are known as monomers, and their union is called polymerization. The monomer molecules may be all alike, or there may be two or more varieties of monomer involved in the formation of a single polymer. Ethylene molecules can be united with themselves to form polyethylene resin which is a monopolymer. SBR synthetic rubber is a copolymer, since two different kinds of monomer (styrene and butadiene) are required. A polymer formed from three monomers is a terpolymer. The most important polymers in order of volume used are polyethylene, polyvinyl and polystyrene.
Viscosity: From the above discussion it is obvious that there can be a wide range of properties of a polymer. Records show that a viscosity range of 220 to 22,000 cPs. would cover most polymers pumped. Sp. Gr. is a function of the particular polymer.
Remarks: In addition to the many chemical names for polymers, there are many trade names used by manufacturers to identify their specific polymers.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is usually satisfactory but stainless steel may also be required. Elastomer recommendation depends on the particular polymer.
Other Names: Polyalcohol. Alcohols having many hydroxyl radicals are called polyols.
Viscosity: Varies widely, depending on the specific polyol. Generally in the range from 550 cPs. to 33,000 cPs.
Remarks: Many companies market polyols under their own trade names.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Buna n elastomers are usually acceptable. A mechanical shaft seal may be used as well as a sealless design pump.
To make polyurethane foam, a polyether such as polypropylene glycol is treated with a diisocyanate in the presence of water and a catalyst (amines, tin soaps, organic tin compounds), as well as fillers, dispersing and emulsifying agents, etc. Simultaneously with the polymer-forming reactions the water reacts with the isocyanate group to cause cross linking and curing, and also produces carbon dioxide which causes foaming. In some foams, a volatile material such as Freon is incorporated to serve as a blowing agent. Foam is normally made by one of two basic methods, the prepolymer system or the one-shot system.
The prepolymer system brings two streams together at the foaming head. Component A is a mixture of a polyol, catalyst, surfactant and blowing agent, while component B is a polyol isocyanate mixture. Both components are quite viscous.
The one-shot system brings all components together at the spray head through independent lines from separate supplies. This system requires more equipment and precise metering, but once controls are established the uniformity of the foam is much better than with the prepolymer system.
Viscosity: Varies widely from thin for the blowing agents, catalyst and amines to the order of 5,000 for the polyols or resins.
Remarks: Flexible foams, made with resins having triols as a basic material, have high strength, good heat insulating properties, and resistance to water, oil, solvents and abrasion. The rigid foams made from polyether containing compounds such as sorbitol, or sucrose, add strength and rigidity to metal framework at little increase in weight. Foams are used in insulating tresses and upholstery, interlining for clothing and sleeping bags, for soundproofing walls, as an insulation against heat loss, in life preservers, fish net floats, foam rubber applications, packaging and many other areas of use.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is normally satisfactory. Elastomer selection varies based on the particular grade of material. A sealless design pump is the pump of choice due to crystallization tendencies of the products pumped.
Other Names: PVAc.
Viscosity: Ranges from 1,100 to 11,000 cPs.
Remarks: Colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, transparent, thermoplastic solid. Insoluble in water, oils and fats. Soluble in alcohols, esters, benzene and ketones. Used in latex water paints, in hot melt and other types of adhesives, for coating and finishing fabrics, as a component of lacquers, inks and in caulking compounds and chewing gum.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction may be satisfactory but stainless steel may also be required. EPR elastomers are generally acceptable. Attention needs to be given to speed and sealing methods with this liquid.
A water soluble synthetic resin made by hydrolysis of polyvinyl acetate.
Viscosity: Variable, depending on the degree of hydrolysis; ranges from 400 to 40,000 cPs.
Remarks: A base material for water-resistant laminating adhesives. Used in adhesives, in binders for leather, cloth and paper, in grease proof paper, as a paper size, as an emulsifying agent, as an emulsion stabilizer and thickener, for temporary protective coatings.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Buna n elastomers are generally acceptable. A mechanical shaft seal may be used depending on viscosity.
A mixture of finely divided pigment such as carbon black suspended in a drying oil such as linseed oil. Synthetic resins are frequently used plus cobalt, manganese and lead soaps are often added to achieve rapid drying by oxidation and polymerization. Mineral oils are also used in certain inks. Some types of ink dry by evaporation of a volatile solvent rather than by oxidation of a drying oil. For colored inks, pigments such as chrome yellows or lithol reds are used.
Viscosity: Varies from a few hundred cPs. to 40,000 cPs., depending on the type of ink and temperature.
Remarks: Some inks such as carbon paper inks contain wax; these inks and certain other types are often handled at temperatures in the range of 82 to 93°C / 180 to 200°F. Steam jacketed features may be required for handling these inks. Certain inks, depending on the solvent, may be considered flammable.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is generally acceptable. Elastomers depend on the solvent used. A mechanical seal suitable for thick and or abrasive type liquids should be used.
Other Names: Methylethylene glocol, methyl glocol.
Viscosity: From 10 to 100 cPs.
Remarks: Colorless, viscous, stable, hygroscopic liquid. Miscible with water, alcohols and many organic solvents. b. p. 187°C / 369°F, vapor pressure 0.07 mm @ 20°C / 68°F, flash point (open cup) 107°C / 225°F. Used in making polyester resins, anti-freeze solutions; used as a solvent for fats, oils, waxes, resins, perfumes. Serves as a hygroscopic agent; lubricant in refrigeration machines, plasticizer, cosmetics, solvent in foods, as a wetting agent, an emulsifier and as an animal feed additive.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Buna n elastomers are recommended as is a mechanical shaft seal.
Resin is an organic, semi-solid or solid material produced by union (through polymerization or condensation) of a large number of molecules of one or two relatively simple compounds. Properties vary widely with the raw materials, their proportions and the conditions of formulation of the resin. Resins are broadly classified as thermoplastic or thermosetting according as they soften or harden with the application of heat.
Listed below are some of the synthetic resins classed by their derivation:
1. Modification of natural polymers, e. g., chlorinated rubber, cellulose acetate, casein and ester gums.
2. Resins formed by polymerization (union of small molecules without formation of water or some other simple molecule as a by-product), e. g., acrylate resins, polystyrene, vinylidene resins, etc.
3. Resins derived by condensation (union of small molecules with the formation of water or some other simple molecule as a by-product), e. g. alkyd resins, q. v., epoxy resins, q. v., phenolic resins, polyurethane resins, urea-formaldehyde resins, q. v., etc.
Viscosity: Varies from a few hundred cPs. to several thousand cPs. depending on particular resin.
Remarks: Additives such as solvents, blowing agents, abrasive solids, etc. are often mixed with various resins to provide an almost endless variation to the end product. Resins have a broad range of application for such things as paints, protective coatings "plastic" parts, potting materials, hot melts, foam, adhesives, etc. See specific resins by name for additional uses.
Pump Notes: Construction recommendation depends on the individual resin. Additives can affect pump recommendation. Some resins are shear and/or heat sensitive; reduced speeds, cooling jackets, etc., may be helpful.
Other Names: Gum rosin, colophony, pine resin, wood rosin.
Viscosity: Varies from a few hundred cPs. to 20,000 cPs. depending on temperature and/or solvent. Rosins without solvents are often handled in the 204 to 260°C / 400 to 500°F. temperature range.
Remarks: Rosin occurs as angular, translucent, amber-colored fragments. M. p. in the 93 to 149°C / 200 to 300°F range; insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol, benzene, ether and oils. It is obtained from pine trees by distillation process. Rosin is used in making linoleum, in making soldering compounds, core oils, insulating compounds, molding compounds, sealing waxes, medicines, in paper sizing, printing inks and varnishes. Rosin is combustible; gives off flammable vapors when heated.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is usually satisfactory although stainless steel may also be requested. Elastomer and shaft sealing recommendation depends on the particular rosin and temperature.
Viscosity: Varies widely, depending on particular cement. Can range from 150 to to 22,000 cPs. and higher.
Remarks: Rubber cement is normally a solution of rubber and a hydrocarbon solvent. Used as a binder to hold materials in position until sewing or clamping is accomplished, as permanent bonds, as vulcanizing seals, in shoe manufacture, as a sound deadener, as an adhesive for paper and for repairing.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is usually satisfactory. Elastomer recommendation depends on the solvent used in the cement. Mechanical shaft seals have been used successfully on this product.
Shellac is a resin secreted by an insect from the far east. After processing the resin becomes shellac as we know it.
Other Names: Lac, garnet lac, gum lac or stick lac.
Viscosity: 22 cPs. to several thousand, depending on how much it has been reduced.
Remarks: Insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol. Used in paints, stains, varnishes, as a general binder and for making sealing wax.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Buna n elastomers are usually acceptable.
Viscosity: Commercially available in a range of viscosities from 1 cPs. to several thousand cPs.
Remarks: Silicone fluids are characterized by heat stability, water repellency, good dielectric properties and incompatibility with many organic polymers which makes them effective release agents. Some silicones tend to have low surface tension which means they have little lubricating ability.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Viton® elastomers are recommended. A mechanical shaft seal or sealless design pump may be used.
Other Names: Kettle soap, soap stock, soap skimmings, liquid soap; soap as discussed here is from natural oils and fatty oils as differing from black liquor soap that is a by-product of the paper pulp processing.
Ordinary soap is a mixture of sodium salts of various fatty acids of natural oils and fats. It is made by heating the oils with caustic soda, salting out the soluble soap formed and drawing off the dilute glycerol produced. Common soap is largely a mixture of the sodium salts of palmitic, stearic and oleic acids. Rosin soaps as used for laundry purposes are made by adding a soap made from rosin or rosin itself to an ordinary soap. Castile soaps are made from olive oil. Transparent soaps are made from decolorized fats with the addition of glycerol or sugar. Liquid soap is usually a potash soap dissolved in water.
Viscosity: Varies from 40cps to 40,000 cPs. SSU and up depending on type of soap and stage in process. Soap is normally handled anywhere between ambient temperatures and 93°C / 200°F.
Pump Notes: Cast iron or stainless steel construction is needed depending on the particular soap. PTFE or Kalrez® elastomers are usually recommended. Mechanical seals may be used but PTFE packing is also frequently used.
Other Names: Table salt, sea salt, common salt, rock salt. Brine is made when the salt is put into solution in water.
Viscosity: Brines being solutions in water are normally almost as thin as water.
Remarks: Sodium chloride brine is used for refrigeration purposes in food preservation.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is usually acceptable. Avoid use of dissimilar metals in pump construction due to electrolytic action of the salt. Buna n elastomers are recommended as is a mechanical seal.
Other Names: Caustic, caustic soda, lye, sodium hydroxide, aqueous.
Sp. Gr.: 1.1 for 10% concentration, 1.4 for 50% concentration.
Viscosity: From water-thin to 40 cPs. depending on concentration and temperature.
Remarks: Sodium hydroxide is a white, crystalline hygroscopic solid. It is soluble in water, alcohol and glycerol. It is used in the manufacture of other chemicals, rayon and film, petroleum refining, pulp and paper, making of aluminum, refining vegetable oil, in detergents, soaps, textile processing, in reclaiming rubber and as an alkali in foods. Causes severe burns to skin and eyes.
Pump Notes: Concentrations up to 50% can usually be handled with cast iron construction. Elastomer recommendation depends on concentration and ranges from buna n to PTFE or Kalrez®.
Other Names: Soluble glass, silicate of soda, liquid glass, water glass; similar to sodium metasilicate.
Formula: Na 2 O.3.75 SiO 2 to 2Na 2 O. SiO 2 with various proportions of water.
Viscosity: Varies widely over a range. Normal range is from 100 cPs. to 5,500 cPs. Normally handled at room temperature.
Remarks: White powder or clear liquid with widely varying viscosity. Freezing point is slightly lower than that of water. Made by melting sand and soda ash. Used as a catalyst. Also used in making soaps and detergents, adhesives, pigments, water treatment, bleaching and sizing of textiles and paper pulp, as a binder for foundry cores and molds and in waterproofing mortars and cements. Sodium silicate is irritating to the eyes and skin.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Buna n elastomers are recommended. A mechanical shaft seal may be used if suitable for the viscosity and potential abrasion but packing is also frequently used.
SOLDER - See construction recommendations under Lead.
A solvent normally means the liquid used to dissolve a solid or put it into solution. The term is used widely in the paint industry, metal cleaning, degreasing, plastics, etc. Alcohol, naphtha, toluene, ketones are all typical solvents. Many solvents are listed by name in this Liquid List.
Viscosity: Almost all solvents are water-thin.
Other Names: Soya bean oil, Chinese bean oil, soy oil.
Viscosity: From 10 cPs. to several hundred cPs. depending on stage of process and temperature.
Remarks: Pale, yellow oil; soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and carbon disulfide; m. p. approximately 25°C / 77°F. The oil is obtained from soybeans that are crushed, heated with steam and pressed, or by solvent extraction. Soybean oil is used in making soaps, as a food, in making inks, as a substitute for linseed oil in paints and varnishes, as a cattle feed, a butter substitute, in salad dressings, in resins, linoleum and in the manufacture of glue.
Soybean foots are sometimes encountered in soybean oil processing. See Foots.
Soybean gums are also sometimes handled as a by-product of soybean oil processing. These gums can have viscosities upwards of 20,000 cPs.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Buna n elastomers are recommended as is a mechanical shaft seal.
Other Names: Hot starch, cooked starch, raw starch, starch slurry. For recommendations on clay and starch mixtures in the paper industry see Paper Coatings.
Viscosity: Varies from a few cPs. to at least 20,000 cPs., depending on type of starch, amount of liquid in the slurry, temperature, etc.
Remarks: Starch is a white, tasteless powder; insoluble in cold water, forms a jelly with hot water. It is derived from corn, arrowroot or potatoes. It is used for making adhesives, for the sizing and finishing of textiles, in foods, in sizing paper, in making explosives, in medicines, face powders, cosmetics, bookbinding, making glucose, malt sugar, caramel and in cattle feeds.
Pump Notes: Construction varies from cast iron to stainless steel. Buna n elastomers are normally acceptable. Starches are generally shear sensitive liquids; the pump design must be capable of handling that type of liquid.
STEARIC ACID - Melts at 71°C / 160°F, viscosity 30 cPs. at 82°C / 180°F. See Fatty Acid for additional information.
Other Names: Styrene monomer, vinyl benzene, phenylethylene.
Viscosity: Styrene monomer - thin. If polymerization has taken place, or if the styrene has been mixed with other liquids, viscosity may range up to 100,000 cPs.
Remarks: Styrene is a colorless, oily-like liquid, aromatic odor; freezing point -31°C / -24°F, - b. p. 145°C / 293°F, flash point (open cup) 38°C / 100°F. Insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol and ether; readily polymerizes when heated or exposed to light, becoming increasingly viscous until a clear solid is produced. Inhibitors are mixed with the styrene during shipment to prevent polymerization. Used for making polystyrene plastics, making SBR and ABS resins, and in making protective coatings.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is normally satisfactory. Elastomers vary from Viton® to PTFE or Kalrez®. A mechanical shaft seal is frequently used.
Other Names: Liquid sugar, sugar, beet sugar, cane sugar, sucrose.
Viscosity: Varies widely depending on specific gravity and temperature, e. g., 21°C / 70°F., 68 Brix syrup has a viscosity of approximately 240 cPs. while 21°C / 70°F. 76 Brix sugar has a viscosity of 1,300.
Remarks: The term sugar syrup or syrup is a very broad one and is applied very generally to a number of sweet tasting carbohydrates. Sugar syrups are used in food, for sweetening, in candy, preserves and jams, in making soap, pharmaceuticals, carmel, as a chemical intermediate for detergents, as an emulsifying agent in such things as plasticizers, resins, explosives, glues and insecticides.
Pump Notes: Construction varies from cast iron to stainless steel depending on user needs. Buna n elastomers are recommended. Mechanical shaft seals are frequently used.
Sulfonic acid is a very general term which often is applied to a liquid which has been sulfonated, i. e., a liquid which has been joined together with the SO 2 OH group. This process is called sulfonation. An example of this is the conversion of benzene (C 6 H 6 ) into benzene sulfonic acid (C 6 H 5 HSO 3 ). Common sulfonating agents are concentrated sulfuric acid, fuming sulfuric acid, sulfur trioxide and other sulfur-containing liquids. Generally sulfonic acid will be rather active corrosion-wise.
Pump Notes: Construction varies from cast iron to stainless steel depending on the liquid. PTFE or Kalrez® are elastomers are normally used.
Other Names: Brimstone, flours of sulfur, molten sulfur.
Viscosity: In the suggested handling range of 121°C / 250°F to 154°C / 310°F, viscosity varies from 9 cPs. to 6 cPs. Above 154°C / 310°F, the viscosity increases rapidly as the temperature increases until at 188°C / 370°F it is almost solid.
Remarks: Sulfur is mined as the pure element in areas of Texas, Louisiana and Sicily. It is also found combined in many ores, petroleum and natural gas. It is used in making sulfuric acid, in the pulp and paper industry, in making carbon disulfide and other chemicals and dyes, for vulcanizing rubber and in medicines. Some sulfur contains abrasive impurities; sulfur should be considered a non-lubricating liquid.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Viton® elastomers are acceptable. Special attention must be paid to shaft sealing because of the liquid properties.
SULFURIC ACID, CONCENTRATED.
Other Names: Hydrogen sulfate, oil of vitriol, battery acid, 660 Baume sulfuric acid (93.2%), 98% sulfuric acid.
Viscosity: Less than 160 cPs.
Remarks: Sulfuric acid is one of the most important of the heavy chemicals. It is strongly corrosive, dense, oily, colorless to dark brown depending on purity. It is miscible with water in all proportions, but great caution is necessary in mixing due to evolution of much heat that may cause explosive spattering. It is very reactive, dissolves most metals; concentrated acid oxidizes, dehydrates, or sulfonates most organic compounds, often causing charring. Used in making fertilizers, as a source of many chemicals, in petroleum refining, in making paints and pigments, in production of iron and steel, in the manufacture of rayon and cellulose film, in making industrial explosives. Some of the high concentrations are prone to "salt out," which can cause the pump to bind up in the bushing areas. Applicants for handling sludge or spent sulfuric acid should be reviewed with user.
Pump Notes: Because of the corrosive characteristics of this liquid consult the pump manufacturer for specific recommendations.
Other Names: Tallol, liquid rosin.
Viscosity: Varies widely, depending on source of tall oil and stage in process. Can vary from 220 to 560 cPs. Generally handled in the temperature range from ambient to93°C / 200°F.
Remarks: Tall oil is the oily mixture of rosin acids, fatty acids and other materials obtained by acid treatment of the alkaline liquors from the digesting of pine wood. The spent black liquor from the pulping process is concentrated until the sodium salts of the various acids separate out and are skimmed off. These soaps are acidified by sulfuric acid to obtain the crude tall oil. Used in drying oils, alkyd resins, linoleum, soaps, cutting oils, emulsifiers, flotation agents, lubricants and greases, and in making rubber. Suggest checking with user or supplier of material to make sure materials of construction recommended for the pump are in keeping with materials in the rest of the system.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Elastomer recommendation varies with specific product.
Tar is a dark-colored bituminous substance, liquid or semi-liquid at ambient temperatures, obtained by the destructive distillation of coal, wood, peat, or other carbonaceous or vegetable materials. On further distillation, it forms a pitch. The composition and origin of tar varies widely.
Other Names: Roofing tar; often called, although perhaps incorrectly, asphalt, or pitch.
Viscosity: Solid or semi-solid at room temperatures; 100 cPs. to 500 cPs. at normal pumping temperature range of 204°C / 400°F to 315°C / 600°F.
Remarks: Tar is often a residue remaining after the processing of basic materials; as a result, it frequently contains a variety of materials and liquids which makes one single pump construction recommendation impractical. Tar is used oftentimes for such things as coating roofs, coating cast iron pipe or gas transmission lines, etc.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Viton® elastomers are normally recommended due to temperature. A mechanical shaft seal can be used but packing or submerging the pump in the liquid are more common sealing solutions.
Other Names: THF.
Remarks: Water-white liquid. Freezing point -65°C / -85°F, b. p. 66°C / 87°F, flash point (open cup) -15°C / 5°F, soluble in water and organic solvents. Used as a solvent for natural and synthetic resins. Used in coating solutions, protective coatings, adhesives and printing inks.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. PTFE or Kalrez® elastomers are recommended as is a mechanical shaft seal.
Handled as a slurry. It is extremely abrasive.
Viscosity: Varies, depending on the type of slurry being handled from 22 to 2,200 cPs.
Remarks: Titanium dioxide is used as a paint pigment, in paper coating, making floor coverings; also in printing inks.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Elastomer recommendation depends on the solvent used. The pump design needs to be capable of handling abrasives.
Other Names: Toluol, methylbenzene, phenylmethane.
Vapor Pressure: Approximately 30mm Hg. absolute at 70°F.
Viscosity: Thin. 1 cPs.
Remarks: Colorless, flammable liquid. B. p. 111°C / 232°F, flash point 4°C / 40°F. Soluble in alcohol, benzene and ether; insoluble in water. Used in blending aviation gasoline, as a raw material for benzene phenol, as a solvent for paints, coatings, gums, resins and rubber cement. Used for making chemicals, in medicines, dyes, perfumes and as a source of toluene diisocyanates used in polyurethane resins. Flammable; vapor is harmful.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Viton® elastomers are usually acceptable. A mechanical shaft seal or sealless pump design may be used.
Other Names: TDI, toluene-2,4-isocyanate; commercial grades are often mixtures of the 2,4- isomer and the 2,6- isomer.
Viscosity: Variable depending on mixture of isomers but normally in the range of 7 to 165 cPs.
Remarks: Water-white to pale yellow liquid with a sharp, pungent odor; b. p. 250°C / 418°F, flash point 132°C / 270°F, m. p. (pure) 20°C / 68°F, vapor pressure 0.01 mm @ 20°C / 68°F; soluble in ether, acetone and other organic solvents. Used in making polyurethane foams q. v., elastomers and resins. Irritating to eyes and nose; causes burns.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is usually acceptable. Viton®, PTFE or Kalrez® elastomers are recommended. TDI is normally handled with a sealless design pump.
Any refined petroleum oil suitable for use in surrounding the coils of transformers to provide electrical insulating and to conduct heat.
Viscosity: 10 to 22 cPs.
Remarks: Transformer oil is highly refined to keep oxidation, moisture, acid, soap, salts and suspended matter to a minimum. Some applications may involve a high vacuum if equipment is being used to remove vapor from the transformer oil.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Buna n elastomers are recommended as is a mechanical shaft seal.
Other Names: 1.1, 1-trichloroethane; methyl chloroform.
Remarks: Colorless liquid. b. p. 75°C / 167°F; insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol and ether. Used in medicine; as a pesticide; as a general solvent for fats, oils, waxes, resins, and cutting oil compounds; as a coolant and lubricant.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. PTFE, Kalrez® or Viton® elastomers provide acceptable results.
Other Names: TEG.
Viscosity: 25 to 65 cPs.
Remarks: Colorless, hygroscopic, odorless liquid. Soluble in water. Used as a solvent for nitrocellulose, for various gums and resins, in making lacquers and as a textile conditioner.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Buna n elastomers are recommended as is a mechanical shaft seal.
Remarks: Stable, low-boiling, colorless, heavy, mobile, toxic liquid. Nonflammable, nonexplosive, noncombustible. Will not attack common metals in presence of moisture. b. p. 87°C / 189°F, m. p. -73°C / -99°F, flash point (open cup) none up to boiling point. Miscible with common organic solvents, insoluble in water. Used in metal degreasing, solvent for oils, fats and waxes, dry cleaning, as a refrigerant, heat exchange liquid, as a fumigant, and for cleaning and drying small intricate parts. Vapor is harmful.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Viton® elastomers are recommended as is a mechanical shaft seal.
Other Names: TEA.
Viscosity: 110 to 440 cPs.
Remarks: Colorless, viscous, hygroscopic liquid. m. p. 21°C / 70°F; miscible with water, alcohol; soluble in chloroform. Used in cosmetics, detergents, oil emulsions, as a corrosion inhibitor, plasticizer, and insecticide.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. PTFE or Kalrez® elastomers are recommended as is a mechanical shaft seal.
Other Names: Spirits of turpentine, turps, oil of turpintine.
Remarks: Turpentine is a volatile oil obtained by distilling the oleo resin contained in the wood of certain pine trees. It is a colorless, mobile liquid, lighter than water. Flash point (closed cup) 32-46°C / 90-115°F. Used in medicine, as a general solvent, as a thinner for paints, varnishes, lacquers and as a rubber solvent and reclaiming agent.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Viton® elastomers are recommended as is a mechanical shaft seal.
An unpigmented, oil-base paint composed of a solvent and one of two types of binders. One type of binder is made up of drying oils alone or in combination with resins which form a film by oxidation or polymerization. The second type of binder is that which forms a film by evaporation of the solvent; typical of this type is shellac or alkyd and phenolic resin varnishes.
Viscosity: Varies from several cPs. to several thousand cPs. depending on type, proportions and temperature.
Remarks: Varnish is used primarily for a protective coating, particularly of such items as furniture, woodwork and the like.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Elastomer recommendation depends on the solvent used. A mechanical shaft seal or sealless design pump may be used.
Other Names: Shortening edible oil; also may be identified by specific name such as corn oil, or cottonseed oil, etc.
Viscosity: Varies from 11 cPs. to 110 cPs., depending on specific oil and temperature.
Remarks: Vegetable oils are an important class of oils obtained from plants and used industrially as drying oils, for lubricants, in cutting oils, for dressing leather and many other purposes. The edible oils are used in such things as salad oils, shortenings, margarine, etc.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Buna n elastomers are recommended as is a mechanical shaft seal.
Remarks: Colorless liquid, stabilized with inhibitors. B. p. 73°C / 163°F, flash point (open cup) -1°C / 30°F. Soluble in most organic solvents. Insoluble in water. Used in making polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl chloride-acetate resins. These materials are used particularly in latex paints, adhesives and textile finishing. Vinyl acetate is extremely flammable.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory although other construction may be requested by the end user. PTFE or Kalrez® elastomers are recommended as is a mechanical shaft seal.
Other Names: VC, chloroethene, chloroethylene.
Remarks: The most important of the vinyl monomers. It is an easily liquefied gas. B. p. -14°C / 7°F, vapor pressure 3.45 BAR / 50 PSI at 20°C / 68°F, flash point -78C / -108°F; slightly soluble in water, soluble in alcohol and ether. Used mainly for making polyvinyl chloride and copolymers. Extremely flammable liquid.
Pump Notes: EPA/OSHA regulations call for special construction. Consult with individual pump manufacturer.
Other Names: Sometimes referred to as rayon viscose by converting cellulose to the soluble xanthate, which can be spun into fibers and then reconverted to cellulose by treatment with acid. Wood pulp is steeped in caustic soda and then shredded and aged. It is then treated with carbon disulfide of cellulose xanthate. After filtration and deareation, the remaining solution is known as viscose.
Viscosity: Ranges from 5,500 cPs. to 55,000 cPs. with the most normal range being 5,500 cPs. to 11,000 cPs.
Remarks: Much of the viscose ends up as cellophane or rayon fibers.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Pumps are normally supplied with shaft packing.
Also further identified by such terms as deionized, demineralized, soft, tap, hard, salt, mine, sea, distilled, hot, bilge, fresh, etc.
Viscosity: 1 cPs.
Remarks: Water is the most readily available liquid and one of the most difficult to handle, primarily because of its lack of lubrication, corrosive and erosive nature. Adding a small amount of soluble oil or glycol to water changes its properties very materially and makes it much more suitable for handling in a positive displacement pump.
Pump Notes: Construction varies from cast iron to stainless steel. Elastomer recommendation depends on the particular service. Not all pump manufacturers recommends pumps for handling water; check with individual suppliers.
Waxes are unctuous, fusible, variably viscous to solid substances having a characteristic waxy luster. They are insoluble in water but soluble in most organic solvents. Waxes have a relatively sharp melting point. They have several different origins such as animal wax, e. g., beeswax; vegetable wax, e. g., carnauba, bayberry, etc.; mineral wax, e. g., paraffin and petroleum waxes, etc.; synthetic waxes, e. g., polyethylene glycols, etc.
Other Names: Liquid wax, molten wax, beeswax, paraffin.
Viscosity: From water-thin to several thousand cPs. depending on origin and temperature. Many waxes are handled in the temperature range of 93°C / 200°F to 121°C / 250°F.
Sp. Gr.: From 0.80 to 1.0 range.
Remarks: Waxes are used as protective coatings for furniture, floors, automobiles and machine tools, in the food preserving process, making paper and the packaging industry, printing inks, cosmetics, candles, waterproofing and in lubricant manufacture.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is usually acceptable. Shaft packing is normally supplied. Abrasion resistant materials may be required due to fillers.
Other Names: Milk serum.
Remarks: Whey is the liquid remaining after the fat and the casein have been removed from milk. It is essentially a 5% water solution of lactose.
Pump Notes: Stainless steel construction is normally required. Buna n elastomers are recommended as is a mechanical shaft seal. This liquid is normally handled with a pump designed for sanitary service.
Other Names: Xylol, dimethylbenzene.
Vapor Pressure: Nil at 21°C / 70°F.
Remarks: Clear, toxic, flammable, soluble in alcohol and ether and insoluble in water. Flash point 23°C / 73°F. Used in aviation gasoline, in protective coatings, as a solvent for alkyd resins, lacquers, enamels and rubber cements.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Viton® elastomers are recommended as is a mechanical shaft seal.
Other Names: Barm. Information given below also applies to terms such as spent yeast and yeast slurry.
Viscosity: Viscosity varies from slightly more than the viscosity of water to that of heavy cream, depending on the type of yeast and its use.
Remarks: Yeast is a yellowish-white liquid. It is used for the fermentation of sugars, molasses and cereal grains for alcohol brewing, medicine and making bread. Yeast is an important source of Vitamin B complex.
Pump Notes: Stainless steel construction is normally required. Buna n elastomers are recommended as is a mechanical shaft seal. This liquid is usually handled with a pump designed for sanitary service.
Other Names: Zinc oxide coating, zinc oxide slurry.
Viscosity: 44 to 220 cPs.
Remarks: Used as a filler and accelerator-activator in rubber and plastics, as a pigment in paints, in medicines and cosmetics. Zinc oxide is abrasive.
Pump Notes: Cast iron construction is satisfactory. Viton® elastomers are usually acceptable. A pump designed for abrasive service must be used.

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Descrição.
The index is designed to measure the performance of 15 of the largest and most liquid companies in the S&P/NZX 50 Index. Dual and overseas listed companies are not eligible for index inclusion.
Price history 1 year.
Descrição.
The index comprises the same constituents as the S&P/NZX 50 Index, but with a 5% cap on the float-adjusted market capitalization. The capped methodology is designed to provide exposure to a diversified portfolio that is more aligned with what a retail investor may hold.
Price history 1 year.
Descrição.
The index is designed to measure the performance of New Zealand-listed companies engaged in the development and commercialization of new technologies. Eligible securities may be quoted on the NZX Main Board (NZSX) or the NZX Alternative Market (NZAX).
Price history 1 year.
Descrição.
The index is designed to measure the performance of 10 of the largest companies in the S&P/NZX 50 Index. Dual and overseas listed companies are not eligible for index inclusion.
Price history 1 year.
Descrição.
The index is designed to measure the performance of New Zealand's core mid-cap equity market.
Price history 1 year.
Descrição.
The index is designed to measure the performance of New Zealand's smaller listed companies that sit outside of the S&P/NZX 50 Index.
Price history 1 year.
Descrição.
The index is considered the total market indicator for the New Zealand equity market. It comprises all eligible securities quoted on the NZX Main Board (NZSX). Constituents are not screened for liquidity.
Price history 1 year.
Descrição.
The index comprises all eligible securities quoted on the NZX Alternative Market (NZAX). The NZAX was developed to meet the needs of many smaller, but fast-growing companies in New Zealand.
Price history 1 year.
Descrição.
The S&P/NZX 50 High Dividend Index is designed to measure the performance of the 25 stocks with the highest dividend yields and liquidity from the S&P/NZX 50 Index.
Price history 1 year.
Descrição.
The S&P/NZX All Energy comprises members of the S&P/NZX All Index, considered the total market indicator for the New Zealand equity market, classified within the energy sector of the Global Industry Classification System (GICS®).
Price history 1 year.
Descrição.
The S&P/NZX All Materials comprises members of the S&P/NZX All Index, considered the total market indicator for the New Zealand equity market, classified within the materials sector of the Global Industry Classification System (GICS®).
Price history 1 year.
Descrição.
The S&P/NZX All Industrials comprises members of the S&P/NZX All Index, considered the total market indicator for the New Zealand equity market, classified within the industrials sector of the Global Industry Classification System (GICS®).
Price history 1 year.
Descrição.
The S&P/NZX All Consumer Discretionary comprises members of the S&P/NZX All Index, considered the total market indicator for the New Zealand equity market, classified within the consumer discretionary sector of the Global Industry Classification System (GICS®).
Price history 1 year.
Descrição.
The S&P/NZX All Consumer Staples comprises members of the S&P/NZX All Index, considered the total market indicator for the New Zealand equity market, classified within the consumer staples sector of the Global Industry Classification System (GICS®).
Price history 1 year.
Descrição.
The S&P/NZX All Health Care comprises members of the S&P/NZX All Index, considered the total market indicator for the New Zealand equity market, classified within the health care sector of the Global Industry Classification System (GICS®).
Price history 1 year.
Descrição.
The S&P/NZX All Financials comprises members of the S&P/NZX All Index, considered the total market indicator for the New Zealand equity market, classified within the financials sector of the Global Industry Classification System (GICS®).
Price history 1 year.
Descrição.
The S&P/NZX All Information Technology comprises members of the S&P/NZX All Index, considered the total market indicator for the New Zealand equity market, classified within the information technology sector of the Global Industry Classification System (GICS®).
Price history 1 year.
Descrição.
The S&P/NZX All Telecommunication Services comprises members of the S&P/NZX All Index, considered the total market indicator for the New Zealand equity market, classified within the telecommunication services sector of the Global Industry Classification System (GICS®).
Price history 1 year.
Descrição.
The S&P/NZX All Utilities comprises members of the S&P/NZX All Index, considered the total market indicator for the New Zealand equity market, classified within the utilities sector of the Global Industry Classification System (GICS®).
Price history 1 year.
Descrição.
The S&P/NZX All Real Estate comprises members of the S&P/NZX All Index, considered the total market indicator for the New Zealand equity market, classified within the real estate industry group of the Global Industry Classification System (GICS®).
Price history 1 year.
Descrição.
This index measures the performance of the largest and most liquid members of the S&P/NZX All Index that are classified within the GICS\u real estate sector.